Jackie Robinson and the Civil Rights Movement Essay

To the average person, in the average American community, Jackie Robinson was just what the sports pages said he was, no more, no less. He was the first Negro to play baseball in the major leagues. Everybody knew that, but to see the real Jackie Robinson, you must de-emphasize him as a ball player and emphasize him as a civil rights leader. That part drops out, that which people forget. From his early army days, until well after his baseball days, Robinson had fought to achieve equality among whites and blacks. Jackie acted out the philosophy of nonviolence of Martin Luther King Jr., before the future civil rights leader had thought of applying it to the problem of segregation in America(Weidhorn 93). Robinson was an avid†¦show more content†¦The driver, a local civilian, thought that the woman Jackie was talking to was white#8230;The outraged bus driver ordered Jackie to the back of the bus. Jackie knew his rights on an army base#8230;Jackie would not move. On reach ing the last stop, the bus driver quickly brought over several white men and two military policemen#8230;The MPs took Jackie to a captain, who saw in him only an uppity nigger trying to make trouble. He filed a series of charges against Jackie(Weidhorn 28). Robinson did not take this incident passively. He spread word to other black officers, who in turn contacted black newspapers and civil rights groups, who demanded that the charges be dropped. Instead of fighting the Japanese or German enemy, Robinson had to fight the racism and stupidity of his fellow Americans. Robinson was eventually honorably discharged from the Army for medical reasons. Baseball soon became a big part of Robinsons life. Jackie Robinsons entry into the Major Leagues was far from a walk in the park. He climbed over countless obstacles just to play with white men, some of which, he was better then. He not only had to compete with the returning players from the war, but he also contended with racism. Many towns in the South did not want racially mixed teams(Weidhorn 53). As time went on, cities realized that Robinson offered them free publicity. The Dodgers presence also brought extra business to theShow MoreRelatedJackie Robinson And The Civil Rights Movement1432 Words   |  6 Pagesto whites. Jackie Robinson made an important step in gaining rights for African Americans when he broke the color barrier of baseball in 1947. He did this by making civil rights his ambition even before the protests began (Coombs 117). Jackie Robinson’s fame as a baseball player and determination to defeat adversity transformed him into an inspirational figure for those involved in the Civil Rights Movement. Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born the youngest of Jerry and Mallie Robinson in Cairo, GeorgiaRead MoreJackie Robinson And The Civil Rights Movement1617 Words   |  7 Pagesplayer Jackie Robinson. As a result of discrimination and segregation in America it was very difficult for black people to exercise their rights during this time period. Throughout the 1940’s and 1950’s Jackie Robinson’s baseball career dramatically changed as he was the first African American Major League Baseball player. However after signing to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers integration started to become a reality in some societies today. The efforts of Jackie Robinson enabled the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreCivil Rights Movement : Jackie Robinson1477 Words   |  6 PagesCivil rights was an important American issue through the late 40s through the 60s. During this time period Baseball was â€Å"America’s Pastime, â€Å"and a major social get together for white Americans. However in 1947 both of these event were combined when the Brooklyn Dodgers gave Jackie Robinson a chance to play professional baseball. Jackie Robinson is the target of my biography. Robinson not only was the first African American baseball player, but he also had a hall of fame career, and eventually hadRead MoreJackie Robinson And The Civil Rights Movement1554 Words   |  7 PagesSince 1839, baseball was a white man’s game. That would all change when Jackie Robinson signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1942. This would be a major victory for African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement. Before Robinson entered the league, African Americans played in the National Negro League and Whites played in the MLB(Major League Baseball). At this time in history blacks were still fighting for equality every single day. They were segregated by going to different schools than whitesRead MoreJackie Robinson And The Civil Rights Movement1414 Words   |  6 PagesIn the pre-dawn of the C ivil Rights Movement, the 1940s were rife with racial tension. Nearly all public institutions were segregated. Libraries, schools, transportation, the armed forces. Sports teams were just as rigorously divided into two sects--the Negro leagues and the major leagues. There was no question about which division a black man would play for. Nobody dared cross the rift between whites and blacks; they were too afraid. Eventually, however, all it took was one man to begin breakingRead MoreJackie Robinson And The American Dilemma882 Words   |  4 PagesIn the biography Jackie Robinson and the American Dilemma by John R. M. Wilson, it tells the story of racial injustice done after world war II and explains how Jackie Robinson was pioneer of better race relations in the United States. The obstacles Jackie Robinson overcame were amazing, he had the responsibility to convert the institutions, customs, and attitudes that had defined race relations in the United States. Seldom has history ever p laced so much of a strain on one person. I am addressingRead MoreProfessional Sports: A Barrier Meant to be Broken Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesin professional sports was a turning point in history. It happened in 1947, when Jackie Robinson, an African-American athlete, began playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers under the watchful eye of their owner, Branch Rickey. The man who broke this barrier was a hero in his own right, changing the world of baseball as well as aiding the Civil Rights Movement. But this was not his only heroic accomplishment. Robinson was a star athlete as a child, at the University of California, Los Angeles, and inRead MoreAmerica s Favorite Pastime And Jackie Robinson Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s Favorite Pastime and Jackie Robinson The game of baseball has been intertwined in our history. It has been there through the wars and the civil rights movements. The game has seen it all. There have been great players who have put their career’s on hold to fight for their country. â€Å"More than 500 major league baseball players during World War II, including stars like Ted Williams, Stan Musial and Joe DiMaggio†. There is one player that didn’t have to put his career on hold to fight for hisRead MoreJackie Robison vs Ali Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesJack Roosevelt â€Å"Jackie Robinson† Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr â€Å"Muhammad Ali† Muhammad Ali once said, Hating people because of their color is wrong. And it doesnt matter which color does the hating. Its just plain wrong.† Muhammad Ali stood for the common black man, so did Jackie Robinson. Both of these men were professional athletes, two different sports, baseball and boxing, were changed forever because of these men. They both broke segregation barriers not only in their profession butRead MoreThe Color Legacy in Major Leage Baseball1125 Words   |  5 PagesBefore 1947, Major League Baseball had never had a black player, although there were Negro Leagues. Jackie Robinson broke that. It takes courage and dedication to chase after something you love. Jackie had that for the game of baseball. The Civil Rights Movement was occurring during the time Jackie enter the Major Leagues, so the times were tough for him. Jackie did more than just play baseball; he introduced a whole new way to play the game, with blacks and whites. He did this by breaking the co lor

Arthur Andersen And Enron Case Essay - 983 Words

1.What was the case about? (Summary of the Case) The case is about Arthur Andersen s role in accounting fraud at Enron which was one of its major clients. The criminal charges faced by the firm in the Enron case and how the Enron case eventually led to the closure of Arthur Andersen company. The company was convicted in 2002 of one count of obstruction of justice because of its role in Enron’s auditing. After the conviction, the firm could no longer provide public accounting services. On June 15, 2002, Arthur Andersen was convicted of obstruction of justice for shredding documents related to Enron’s audit which resulted in the Enron scandal. The impact of the scandal combined with the findings of criminal complicity ultimately destroyed the Arthur Andersen LLP. The company was accused of destroying thousands of Enron documents that included not only physical documents, but also computer files and Email files. By giving it the role of consultant along with their original role as external auditors, Enron made Arthur Andersen LLP a key player in Enron auditing. Disregarded Enron’s accounting misbehave and Misuse. CFOs and controllers hired by Enron company were former Arthur Andersen LLP executives; shredded all Enron’s documents, and Arthur Andersen LLP attorney altered documents related to its audit work for Enron. Arthur Andersen LLP has been handed the maximum penalty allowed under US law for its role in the collapse of Enron. Arthur Andersen LLP CPA License hasShow MoreRelatedArthur Andersen s Enron Case918 Words   |  4 Pages The case is about Arthur Andersen s role in accounting fraud at Enron; Enron was one of its Arthur Andersen major clients. The criminal charges faced by Andersen in the Enron case and how the case eventually led to the closure of the company. It was convicted in 2002 of one count of obstruction of justice because of its role in Enron’s auditing. After the conviction, the firm could no longer provide public accounting services. On June 15, 2002, Arthur Andersen was convicted of obstruction ofRead MoreThe Case Of Enron And Arthur Andersen Co1829 Words   |  8 Pagesproviding the debtor an opportunity to start fresh. The case of Enron and Arthur Andersen Co. relates to what it is to experience bankruptcy. According to Enron Before filing for bankruptcy in 2001, the business was one of the biggest mixed natural gas and electricity companies in the world. It marketed natural gas liquids worldwide and operated one of the highest natural gas communication methods in the system, totaling more than 36,000 miles(Enron Corporation - Company Profile, Information, Business)Read MoreManagement Planning Paper on Arthur Andersen1221 Words   |  5 PagesPlanning Paper on Arthur Andersen Management Planning Paper on Arthur Andersen In 1913, the company Arthur Andersen started by Arthur Andersen and Clarence Delany by the name of Andersen, Delany, Co. In 1918, it was given the name Arthur Andersen Co. The company supplied tax, consulting services and auditing for the large business, and itself had a position in the Big Five accounting firms. In 2002, this firm was found guilty for auditing an energy corporation, Enron and it surrenderedRead MoreRise Fall of Arthur Andersen, LLP1016 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ March 4, 2014 Rise Fall of Arthur Andersen, LLP Abstract Enron was a natural gas company that was formed in 1985 by Kenneth Lay. By 1992, Enron was the largest selling company of natural gas in North America. In October 2001 a scandal involving Enron was emerging. This scandal led to the fall of the company. The Enron case and many others cases led to the collapse of other companies that did business with them which included oneRead MoreManagement Planning- Arthur Anderson1299 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement within Arthur Andersen. Specifically, the paper will discuss at least one legal, ethical, and social responsibility issue that impacts Arthur Andersen. Additionally, this paper will analyze the impact these factors have on Arthur Andersen’s management planning. Finally, this paper will analyze at least three factors that influence Arthur Andersen’s strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. The firm of Arthur Andersen LLP was founded in 1913 by Arthur Andersen and ClarenceRead MoreEnron Scandal Of Enron Corporation Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Enron scandal which aroused in 2001 was one of the most famous events in the area of fraud audit. As the auditor company of Enron, Arthur Andersen failed to prepare true and fair auditing reports. They both suffered lethal loss at that time. The following paragraphs will discuss this fraud event, including the organization history, the organization’s event, the fraud issue in the event, the consequence of the main stakeholders, auditors in the event and their roles, and the current situationRead MoreEnron Of Enron And Enron1387 Words   |  6 PagesEnron was formed in 1985 from the merger of two gas companies from Texas and Nebraska. Enron became the first company with all-American network of gas pipelines. In 1997 Enron bought power generating company Portland General Electric Corp. worth $ 2 billion. Before 1997 ended, the management turned the company into Enron Capital Trade Resources which became the largest American companies that trade in natural gas and electricity. Revenue increased dramatically from $ 2 billion to $ 7 billionRead MoreCorporate Culture Of Enron And Bankruptcy1327 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The case study is about Enron and about their biggest failure that lead the company towards bankruptcy. Enron got bankrupt to the extent that was no point of returning back and reversing its wrong doings. The only thing that the company had to think about was how to return the losses of its creditors. Enron Corp. was left with $12 billion in assets which was to be distributed among more than 20,000 creditors. Around 80% of creditors of Enron backed the long-awaited reorganization planRead MoreManagement Planning of Arthur Anderson Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement within Arthur Andersen. Specifically, the paper will discuss at least one legal, ethical, and social responsibility issue that impacts Arthur Andersen. Additionally, this paper will analyze the impact these factors have on Arthur Andersen’s management planning. Finally, this paper will analyze at least three factors that influence Arthur Andersen’s strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. The firm of Arthur Andersen LLP was founded in 1913 by Arthur Andersen and ClarenceRead MoreEthical Incidents in Organizations: Arthur Andersen777 Words   |  3 Pagesin Organizations: Arthur Andersen While the majority of people in the US are aware of the problems that were faced by Enron, most do not realize the impact the company had on other organizations which were also involved in the scandal. One such company was the accounting firm Arthur Andersen. While the firm is still technically in business, it is nothing like it was in the days before its ethical dilemma and scandal. The mission and core values that were touted by Arthur Andersen were violated by

Effect On The Mental Health Of Culturally â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Effect On The Mental Health Of Culturally? Answer: Introducation Several studies that have focused on the topic of mental health studies, have failed to come up with one agreed the definition of what mental health status is. For example, the World Health Organization ([WHO], 2014) used the following words, a state of well-being in which very individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community (Col. 1). Furthermore, the WHO uses its constitution to express and stress on the positive dimension of mental health as the state of the complete elements of an individual in terms of their social wellbeing, the mental, and physical and not necessarily the absence of infirmity or diseases. It is from this explanation that helps to explain the significance role of mental healthcare and disorders of people. Martin (2012) conducted an examination that studies the mental health status of patients. Martin explains that a mental sta tus involves a structured assessment regarding the cognitive and behavioural functioning of patients. The assessment incorporates the description of general behaviours of patients and their appearances, their levels of attentiveness, consciousness, speech and motor activities, their mood, thinking, perception abilities, insights, attitude, reaction towards an external environment, and their cognitive abilities. However, the most clinically relevant cognitive functioning involves the abstract reasoning, the constructive ability, memory, language, and alertness. Based on the above definitions, it is critical to point out that mental health comprises of different sets that bring out the positive attributes in people. It is a state of the wellbeing that allows an individual to recognize own ability, adapt to the normal stress of life, and work in order to produce for own living or that of the family. While the attributes that define mental health remain universal, it is critical to note that every culture has a different way of expressing it. Cultures do this in terms of their contexts and how sensitive they that every culture tend to value (Snider McPhedran, 2014). The social, economic, and political settings help increase their relevancy and success. Besides, different names have also been used when defining the term well-being. Herrman Jane-Liopis (2012) maintain that Aristotle developed the concept of well-being to differentiate it between a moral life as a way of maintaining happiness and material life. All these were found to form the basic ingredients for meeting basic needs. He went ahead to consider well-being as a multidimensional, immaterial, and a material concept. Furthermore, he believed that any successful community should be able to share common principles regarding what is critical to becoming and living a well-being life. Even though the above definition is an cient, todays definition reflects ancient contributions and modern science. Hence, it is when a community or an individual shows the stage of doing well or being well in life, showing physical or moral welfare, being happy and healthy, or showing prosperous conditions. Minas, et al (2013) sought to understand the current mental health status of refugee and immigrant communities in Australia. Furthermore, the study also went ahead to examine whether research in Australian mental health focuses on fact of cultural and linguistic diversity among the Australian population. The third objective looks at whether the data collected on the mental health supports evidence of policy and practise among multicultural Australia. The finding shows that people born outside Australia showed a lower prevalence of substance use disorder, affective, and anxiety. Those that arrived recently indicated to have the lowest rates of disorder. The findings relevant to refugee and immigrant participants showed prevalence in the 2007 survey according to the country of birth (either overseas or Australia) and the year that immigrants arrived in Australia. For example, the financial indicated that those born outside the country had the lowest rates of prevalence in terms of anxi ety. Even though there have been differences in the findings regarding whether the prevalence of common mental disorders among immigrants and refugees are similar, lower, or even higher than Australian NSW (Reilly, et al. 2013; Garg, et al. 2017; Henderson, et al. 2014). The weight of findings from researchers in other countries and those conducted in Australia and most importantly, in NSW, shows that the level of prevalence is similar. Furthermore, the prevalence across certain birth groups of a country, tend to show high variability. The rates of depression, post-traumatic stress, and the anxiety disorder among multicultural Australians livening in NSW such as immigrants and refugees, were between four to five times that the problems among Tamil asylum seekers in Australia (Kalra, Ventriglio Bhugra, 2015). In addition, a significant proportion of Burmese refugees that live in Australia have been found to show the level of health problems such as post-stress disorders (PTSD), anxiety, a nd depression (Cyril, et al. 2012). Additionally, asylum seekers and refugees have been found to remain vulnerable to behaviours that contribute towards suicidal and self-harm tendencies. Among the multicultural communities living in NSW, for example, the results from Grace, et al. (2017) study indicates that the level of the prevalence of self-harm among the detained asylum seekers came out as being higher than the general population. This finding is consistent with research from other countries. Studies focusing on NSW have indicated that suicidal rates among the immigrant population reflect the country of birth. In overall, therefore, immigrants born in outside countries such as European, Northern, and Western countries had higher suicidal rates than South-Eastern Asia, middle-East, and Southern Europe (Dowse, et al. 2016). Specific Needs of CALD Women The term culturally and linguistically Diverse (CALD) brings together people in terms of culture, ethnicity, and languages that they speak. Most specifically, the term acknowledges diversity that occurs within and between different cultures and in incorporating unique experiences and identities of individuals (Dongxia Xiao, et al. 2013). In this case, therefore, culture brings together all different elements of women lives that incorporates their class, sexuality, ethnicity, disability and religion. According to Posselt, et al. (2017), we do not perceive culture as a fixed category, but that it is something that remain dynamic and adaptable. While ethnicity refers to a part of culture that relates to identification of an individual with a given group while looking at things they do in common (Baker, Procter Ferguson, 2016). Such things can incorporate language, race, and the country of origin. This definition recognises that women who come from English-speaking backgrounds have simi lar ethnicities as those that come from non-English speaking backgrounds (Zimbudzi, et al. 2012). The women that come from culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) backgrounds are more prone to experiencing the double-disadvantage of gender and cultural diversity likely to cause their needs and issues fail to be recognized or addressed by policy makers (Khawaja, et al. 2013). Consequently, failure to address them would lead to serious social and economic consequences towards the women themselves (Federal of Ethic Communities Council of Australia, [FECCA], (2012). FECCA went ahead to outline a number of issues that affect CALD women in Australia. They include high levels of discrimination, leadership and decision making, parity in terms of income, education, and employment, work-life balance, safety and equality at the places of work, safety at home in terms of domestic and family violence, lateral violence, safety in the community, women in detention centers, accessibility to housing, disability, accessibility to contraception, physical and mental health, and social inclusion and participation. Similarly, another study by Henderson, et al. (2014) understand some of the factors that affect CALD women. The findings identify such issues as lack of suitable resources, lack of cultural competency, and lack of accessibility to treatment areas. Snider McPhedran (2014) acknowledge that CALD women have heterogeneous needs. For instance, differences in terms of their country of origin, education, previous work, and family make up, pre-arrival experiences, religion, and age, all contribute to such women having different health and wellbeing needs. Kalra, Ventriglio Bhugra (2015) explain that the diversity that occurs among CALD women when it comes to their needs and the challenging nature over which such needs occurs, continue to challenge Western health service providers. CALD women need to be liberated from all forms of violence, discrimination, and racism. Silcox (2016) posit that the majority of health disparities have their roots in critical social structural inequalities. The inequalities relate to racism and other forms of discrimination that take place in societies. The inequalities go beyond the health care and health racial and ethnic groupings. Herrman Jane-Liopis (2012) argue that racism remain the most disturbing inequality. In case societies fail to examine interaction among different forms of discrimination because of multiple identifies, or better still compartmentalize different forms of discrimination, then any effort put in place might fail to manifest itself. Kalra, et al (2015) explain that policy makes revise different solutions, design programs, and policies with the hope that they will change the nature of discrimination subjected towards CALD women. However, failure to examine interactions can become disastrous not only on wom en but also policy makers. Racism and discrimination contribute towards undermining of health and wellbeing of CALD women. The Women Health West (WHW) report that some of the examples that explain cases of racist behaves and discrimination include physical threats and psychological intimidation. Societies discriminate against CALD women when they prevent them from participating in social activities such as dancing, participation in opportunities that occur in education and employment, and occupation and domestic safety and security. Herrman Jane-Liopis (2012) find that Muslim women that put on the veil become vulnerable because of a high chance of being visible to those in the community. However, studies have failed to examine as to whether participation in social activities such as dancing would help improve health status and wellbeing of women. Above studies only focuses on causes and types of discrimination. CALD women desire the needs of accessibility to affordable and secure housing. Secure nursing has been considered as being important factors that facilitate achievement of stability. It offers settlement for women especially asylum seekers and refugees. Baker, et al (2016) posit that currently, there is the need to increase the availability of options of housing in NSW. Apart from this, there is also the need to achieve service infrastructure that favors NSW. Key things noted by service providers include lack of vacancies and even unacceptability of a long waiting time going up to ten years. Second, there is the need for housing that suits the needs of a given family such as single or large parents. Third, there is an increase in regional demand for the public housing that has led to an increase in private rental markets over a period of the last five years. There is an ever increasing trend that leads towards the formation of ghettos in the Western regions that have high levels of u nemployment and incapable infrastructure. Furthermore, the relocation of public housing and an ever increasing in the outer regions from North Melbourne, Maidstone, Braybrook to Werribee and Melton, indicates that residents experience the pressure to vacate and live away from the existing community networks. Additionally, they get themselves socially isolated from participating in activities such as dancing and counselling programs that could assist them achieve high mental health and wellbeing (Rogers Earnest, 2014). CALD women need improved access to health services and use. Rogers Earnest (2015) maintain that women experience barriers to have an awareness concerning available services. There are several opportunities that are available for women to access health services. The study by Dowse, et al (2016) on Australian CALD shows that opportunities that contribute to access among CALD women involves gaining a deeper understanding of the roles provided by services and their relevance about the needs and concerns of women. This includes services such as screening and preventative health care. An opportunity can include bilingual and culturally sensitive practitioners that already understand differences that occur in cultures and behaviors. CALD women need to benefit from participating in social activities such as dancing and empowerment. Snider McPhedran (2014) explain that CALD women always desire to feel that the society values them and that they are also capable members of the community just as others. Burkhardt Rhodes (2012) conducted a study to understand some of the strategies that can be adopted to increase the level of participation among CALD women in societies. The findings revealed that women can take up roles in decision making and management. Such roles can involve identification and development of appropriate cultural health services and care. The findings also showed that women can develop and maintain a good rapport with communities at the grassroot level. Some of the activities include participating in forums, and engaging other women in consultations. Similarly, the Government of South Australia (2012) revealed that women could start to develop knowledge regarding appropriate legislation and their r ights. This can go beyond facilitation of where women can access their education, skills, and training. Roles of Physical Activities in Forms of Dance on Improvement of Mental Health and Wellbeing People Dancing Organization (2017) points out on the importance of participating in physical activities though dancing in order to improve on the mental health and wellbeing among the UK population. The findings show that dancing can bring out four benefits through the life course. During the early years, participating in dance activities ensures an improvement in cognitive and physical development. Furthermore, it also brings people from the different cultural background to enhance their social skills through social interaction. Second, dancing assists children and young people. According to the organization, is that dancing helps to increase cardiovascular fitness, prevent and ensure a total reduction in obesity and self-esteem among young people. Third, the finding shows that dancing among adults help reduce the risk of CHD and Type 2 diabetes. Most importantly, it ensures that adults are able to maintain and keep their bodies fit. The study conducted among UK adults showed that i t assisted them in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. While the findings among older people showed that dancing helped increase their social interaction. In overall, therefore, participating in regular dance sessions in an effective way for communities to remain active, engage in fun activities and remain social with everyone despite differences in race, age, ethnicity, or religion. Craig (2012) study sought to understand ways to improve wellbeing through the sports and physical activities. The study refers to a physical activity as participating in anything that makes our bodies to move. The analysis findings that mental benefits of participating in physical activities such as dancing, training or sporting includes reduction in feeling of stress, makes one to think clearly, reduce anxiety and create happier moods, develops a greater sense for one to remain calm, makes one to develop more self-esteem, and leads to a reduced risk of depression. Furthermore, the study points out that physical activities also contributes to three key social and emotional benefits. One, it makes people to come together and make friends and connect with those that are not within their social networks. Being around a group of people ensures that an individual develops mental health and a strong social network. Second, it makes people have fun. Majority of people enjoy it when active b ecause of the fun part that comes with activity. Furthermore, researchers have also found a strong association between things that people enjoy doing and an overall improvement of wellbeing. Third, it helps challenge stigma and discrimination. According to Sport England Lottery Fund (2017) is that some people find that when they become part of the sporting programme, it assists them reduce the level of stigma connected to an already existing mental health problem. Hence, it is only through participating in local projects with other people that can assist one to start sharing common interests. Consequently, this would help break down on any forms of available barriers while at the same time, challenging discrimination A recent study by Burkhardt Rhodes (2012) sought to commission dance to support health and wellbeing of participants. The findings show that dance forms a universal way that people express their cultures to achieve the benefits of positive mental health and wellbeing. Majority of respondents point out that participating in dancing assisted them prevent ill health from diseases such as diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease, depression and cancer. The findings of this study are important because of the study focuses on a heterogeneous group among UK schools. Roles of Counselling Programs on Improvement of Mental Health and Wellbeing Wahass (2005) defines counselling as the process of assisting an individual or a group of people in a community to discover and develop own psychological, vocational, and educational potentials and consequently achieve an optimal level of social usefulness and personal happiness. Furthermore, Wahass reiterates that the concept of counselling remains democratic in the manner in which the assumptions rooted in its theory and practice, maintain that people have the right to decide on ways to shape their own destiny. The second assumption of the theory is that mature and experienced members within a multicultural community have the responsibility to ensure that people use their own choices to serve their choices and those of the society. Similarly, Silcox (2016) explain that it remains an implicit part of the philosophy of counselling for objectives remain complementary instead of conflicting. The role of those that guide individuals should not target at compromising between the demands of an individual and those of a society. Instead, counsellors should ensure that they orient individuals or groups of people that need such services towards the opportunity provided by an environment to achieve personal aspirations and personal needs. Meany-Walen, Davis-Gage Lindo (2016) argues that counselling involves services provided to a group or individuals that are experiencing mental problems and require professional assistance to assist them overcome. Persistence of problems can keep an individual remain disturbed and experience a lot of tension. Unless one gets a professional assistance, then this could as well hamper personal development, wellbeing, the contribution to the society, and overall positive mental health. Friedli Parsonage (2009) sought to understand the role of psychologist counsellors in provision of health care. Friedli Parsonage concludes that counselling psychology forms a specialty discipline of psychology where practitioners use their skills to assist people as groups and individuals to improve their wellbeing, reduce on their levels of distress, respond to crises, and increase the ability for them to elucidate problems and come up with the best decisions. He further explains that counselling psych ologists offer their professional assistance to groups and individuals in areas that relate to mental health, wellbeing, interpersonal relationships, crisis management and work. Friedli Parsonage (2009) conducted a study among women in Wales community to understand the economic case for promoting mental health and prevention of mental illnesses. The women respondents indicate that counselling programs made them receive a recovery approach of improved care, see the value of life, and perform well in their communities. Currently, the Welsh policy spells out that an improvement of mental health among people in Wales lies at the heart of the Welsh Assembly Government agenda for the public health. The government focus extents to adopting conventional approaches such as counselling programs in multicultural communities where there are the majority of CALD women, vulnerable groups, and immigrants. Mental Health Coalition (2012) supports above findings and notes that implementing or commissioning school-based counselling services depends on varying types of counselling that is appropriate to the group. For example, the age of the group determines the counselling se rvices. Counselling among children that come from different cultural backgrounds shape them to see ways to solve their problems while at the same time, see the positive side of life as part of developing the positive wellbeing lifestyles. Furthermore, promoting the emotional and mental wellbeing on young people and their parents through counselling support makes them respond well to emotional difficulties. The study concludes that support provides them with the skills on ways to cope with challenges of life, make them understand ways to develop strong relationships, and achieve their potential. Furthermore, it will make the school start to develop healthier and a safe environment. References Mental Health Coalition (2012). How to improve the emotional and mental wellbeing of children and young people in your school. [Online] from https://www.brpsychotherapy.co.uk/app/download/5788458029/Talking+treatments.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2017 People Dancing Organization (2017). Health and wellbeing. [Online] from https://www.communitydance.org.uk/developing-participation/health-and-wellbeing. Accessed on September 19, 2017 Sport England Lottery Fund (2017). How to improve your wellbeing through physical activity and sport. [Online] from https://www.mind.org.uk/media/2976123/how-to-improve-your-wellbeing-through-physical-activity-and-sport.pdf. Accessed on September 19, 2017 Baker, A. Z., Procter, N. G., Ferguson, M. S. (2016). Engaging with culturally and linguistically diverse communities to reduce the impact of depression and anxiety: a narrative review. Health Social Care in the Community, 24(4), 386-398. Burkhardt, J., Rhodes, J. (2012). Commissioning Dance for Health and Well-Being Guidance and Resources for Commissioners. [Online] from https://www.pdsw.org.uk/assets/Uploads/Breathe-Commissioning-Dance-for-Health-Wellbeing-Guide-for-Commissioners-by-Jan-Burkhardt-2012.pdf. Accessed on September 19, 2017 Craig, T. (2012). Mental health: Supporting secondary schools to play a central role in early intervention mental health services. [Online] from https://www.ippr.org/files/publications/pdf/education-education-mental-health_May2016.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2017 Cyril, S., Green, J., Nicholson, J. M., Agho, K., Renzaho, A. N. (2016). Exploring Service Providers' Perspectives in Improving Childhood Obesity Prevention among CALD Communities in Victoria, Australia. Plos ONE, 11(10), 1-22. Dongxia Xiao, L., De Bellis, A., Habel, L., Kyriazopoulos, H. (2013). The experiences of culturally and linguistically diverse family caregivers in utilising dementia services in Australia. BMC Health Services Research, 13(1), 1-20. Dowse, L., Soldatic, K., Spangaro, J., van Toorn, G. (2016). Mind the gap: the extent of violence against women with disabilities in Australia. Australian Journal Of Social Issues (Australian Social Policy Association), 51(3), 341-359. Dowse, L., Soldatic, K., Spangaro, J., van Toorn, G. (2016). Mind the gap: the extent of violence against women with disabilities in Australia. Australian Journal Of Social Issues (Australian Social Policy Association), 51(3), 341-359. Federal of Ethic Communities Council of Australia, [FECCA], (2012). Womens policy statement Supporting Australian Women from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Backgrounds. [Online] from https://www.fecca.org.au/images/stories/pdfs/fecca%20womens%20policy%202012.pdf. Accessed on September 19, 2017 Friedli, L., Parsonage, M. (2009). Promoting mental health and preventing mental illness: The economic case for investment in Wales. [Online] from https://www.publicmentalhealth.org/Documents/749/Promoting%20Mental%20Health%20Report%20(English).pdf. Accessed September 20, 2017 Garg, P., My Trinh, H., Eastwood, J., Harvey, S., Woolfenden, S., Murphy, E., ... Ha, M. T. (2017). Explaining culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) parents' access of healthcare services for developmental surveillance and anticipatory guidance: qualitative findings from the 'Watch Me Grow' study. BMC Health Services Research, 171-12. Government of South Australia (2012). Achieving womens equity: South Australias womens policy. [Online] from https://officeforwomen.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/29083/Womens-policy-fact-sheet-CALD.pdf. Accessed on September 19, 2017 Grace, F. C., Meurk, C. S., Head, B. W., Hall, W. D., Harris, M. G., Whiteford, H. A. (2017). An analysis of policy success and failure in formal evaluations of Australia's national mental health strategy (1992-2012). BMC Health Services Research, 171-15. Henderson, J., Crotty, M. M., Fuller, J., Martinez, L. (2014). Meeting unmet needs? The role of a rural mental health service for older people. Advances In Mental Health, 12(3), 182-191. Henderson, J., Crotty, M. M., Fuller, J., Martinez, L. (2014). Meeting unmet needs? The role of a rural mental health service for older people. Advances In Mental Health, 12(3), 182-191. Herrman, H., Jane-Liopis, E. (2012). The status of mental health promotion. Public Health Reviews, Vol. 34, No 2, pp. 1-21 Kalra, G., Ventriglio, A., Bhugra, D. (2015). Sexuality and mental health: Issues and what next?. International Review Of Psychiatry, 27(5), 463-469. Kalra, G., Ventriglio, A., Bhugra, D. (2015). Sexuality and mental health: Issues and what next?. International Review Of psychology, 27(5), 463-469. Khawaja, N. G., McCarthy, R., Braddock, V., Dunne, M. (2013). Characteristics of culturally and linguistically diverse mental health clients. Advances In Mental Health, 11(2), 172-187. Martin, C. D. (2012). Chapter 207: The mental status examination. In Walker, HK. Hall, WD., Hurst, JW. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Meany-Walen, K. K., Davis-Gage, D., Lindo, N. A. (2016). The Impact of Wellness-Focused Supervision on Mental Health Counseling Practicum Students. Journal of Counseling Development, 94(4), 464-472. Minas, H., Kakuma1, R., Too, S.L., Vayani., H., Orapeleng, S., Prasad-Ildes., R., Turner, G., Procter., Oehm, D. (2013). Mental health research and evaluation in multicultural Australia: developing a culture of inclusion. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2013, 7:23, p. 1-25 Posselt, M., McDonald, K., Procter, N., de Crespigny, C., Galletly, C. (2017). Improving the provision of services to young people from refugee backgrounds with comorbid mental health and substance use problems: addressing the barriers. BMC Public Health, 171-17 Reilly, N., Harris, S., Loxton, D., Chojenta, C., Forder, P., Milgrom, J., Austin, M. (2013). Disparities in reported psychosocial assessment across public and private maternity settings: a national survey of women in Australia. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1-15 Rogers, C., Earnest, J. (2014). A Cross-Generational Study of Contraception and Reproductive Health among Sudanese and Eritrean Women in Brisbane, Australia. Health Care for Women International, 35(3), 334-356. Rogers, C., Earnest, J. (2015). Sexual and reproductive health communication among Sudanese and Eritrean women: an exploratory study from Brisbane, Australia. Culture, Health Sexuality, 17(2), 223-236. Silcox, S. (2016). A health and wellbeing model policy. Occupational Health, 68(2), 16-17. Snider, A., McPhedran, S. (2014). Religiosity, spirituality, mental health, and mental health treatment outcomes in Australia: a systematic literature review. Mental Health, Religion Culture, 17(6), 568-581 Snider, A., McPhedran, S. (2014). Religiosity, spirituality, mental health, and mental health management outcomes in Australia: a systematic literature review. Mental Health, Religion Culture, 17(6), 568-581. Wahass, H. S. (2005). The role of psychologists in health care delivery. Journal of Family and Community Medicine, Vol. 12(2), p. 63-70 World Health Organization, [WHO], (2014). Mental health: a state of well-being. [Online] from https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/. Accessed on September 19, 2017 Zimbudzi, E., Lo, C., Ranasinha, S., Gallagher, M., Fulcher, G., Kerr, P. G., ... Zoungas, S. (2016). Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Co-Morbid Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. Plos ONE, 11(12), 1-12.

Thomas McCormack Essays - Indian Religions, Automation, Buddhism

Thomas McCormack Professor Sharon LaRue ATA 134-801 9 December 2017 Automation in the Workplace: The Future of Economics, Culture and Morality The idea that robots or machines will one day break free from their mechanical shackles to rise up and enslave the human race; the very source of their existence, is by no means a cutting-edge discussion. In fact, even as far back as Ancient Greece, myths such as the golden robots of Hephaestus began to appear, and many ancient civilizations featured realistic humanoid automatons that the faithful believed imbued within these statues, were very real minds, capable of wisdom and emotion. (McCorduck, 2004) Now, the topics discussed in the New York Times article: "The Robots Are Coming for Wall Street" by Nathaniel Popper may seem like a far cry from popular science fiction like 2001: A Space Odyssey, but in reality this could just be the beginning. The article follows Daniel Nadler, CEO of a relatively new company called Kensho. Kensho, a Japanese Zen term which means: To see nature', is a data analytics and machine intelligence company, with the company's vision direct from their own website being: "we believe that our civilization's newest technology --machine intelligence--can and should be used to better understand our oldest human systems." Nadler predicts that between a third and a half of employees in the finance industry during the next decade will lose their jobs due to emerging automation software like Kensho, and it's not exclusive to the lower-paid, less skillful positions that one may expect. Automation, in the finance industry, has now moved on to research and analysis, as software like Kensho has become increasingly more sophisticated and capable of dissecting enormous data sets faster and more reliably than humans. Software written by the company Kensho, can automatically predict how markets will move in response to different world events, such as the escalation in the Syrian Civil War for example. It can generate a report that "would have taken days, probably 40 man-hours, from people who were making an average of $350,000 to $500,000 a year", Nadler told the Times. The New York Times article also references an Oxford study from 2013 called: "The Future of Employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerization?" In this piece, different jobs were assessed as to how susceptible they would be to computerization. Based on their estimates of future expected impacts of computerization in the workplace, they predict that about 47 percent of total US employment is at risk (Frey and Osborne, 2013) The emergence of companies like Kensho further support the findings that were discussed in this somewhat controversial study from 2013. Some may argue that the impact of computerization on labor market outcomes is well established in the literature, which documents the decline of employment in routine intensive occupations (Frey, 2013) is something to be weary over as it will potentially increase unemployment levels. While cutting out a large percentage of the jobs that exist today may seem like a severely negative impact on the surface, automation of many of these occupations could prove to actually be more beneficial to the future of the work force. If we were to make an ethical decision based on the utilitarian rule, and pursue an outcome that produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people (George, Jones, 2016, p. 91), it would behoove oneself to examine some of the potential benefits of automation and computerization in not only the financial marketplace but many other workplaces. Product quality and output could be expected to rise; a benefit of automation and computerization is freedom f rom fatigue. With either robots or programs, companies produce the same product the same way, with virtually no variation. Freeing up human input from mundane repetitive tasks can also help free up employees to focus on the jobs that require critical thinking rather than busy work to name just one other benefit. Many man hours would be saved through automation of menial tasks that don't require much effort from employees. Through algorithm inputs and other data sets, companies can implement programmed decisions that have been made so many times in past that managers have developed rules or guidelines around them (George, Jones, 2016, p. 164), allowing employees to

African American Inventors - Names Beginning with H

African American Inventors - Names Beginning with H Black history inventors are listed alphabetically: Each listing has the name of the black inventor followed by the patent number(s) which is the unique number assigned to an invention when a patent is issued, the date the patent was issued, and a description of the invention as written by the inventor. If available, links are provided to in-depth articles, biographies, illustrations and photos on each individual inventor or patent. How to submit to the database. G Haines to Harper, Harris to Hill, Hilyer to Hyde I James Henry Haines #590,833, 9/28/1897, Portable shampooing basin William Hale #1,563,278, 11/24/1925, Aeroplane#1,672,212, 6/5/1928, Motor vehicle Lloyd Augustus Hall #1,882,834, 10/18/1932, Asphalt emulsion and manufacture thereof#1,914,351, 6/13/1933, Protective coating, Enoch L.Griffith (co-inventor)#2,022,464, 11/26/1935, Vitamin concentrate,#2,097,405, 10/26/1937, Manufacture of bleached pepper products#2,107,697, 2/8/1938, Sterilizing foodstuffs, Carroll L. Griffith (co-inventor)#2,155,045, 4/18/1939, Inhibited detergent composition#2,189,949, 2/13/1940, Sterilizing colloid materials#2,251,334, 8/5/1941, Protein composition of matter#2,321,673, 6/15/1943, Yeast food#2,357,650, 9/5/1944, Puncture sealing composition and manufacture thereof#2,363,730, 11/28/1944, Manufacture of nitrogen-fortified whey concentrate#2,385,412, 9/25/1945, Capsicum-containing seasoning composition#2,414,299, 1/14/1947, Production of protein hydrolysate flavoring material#2,464,200, 3/15/1949, Manufacture of stable dry papain composition#2,464,927, 3/22/1949, Antioxidant#2,477,742, 8/2/1949, Gelatin-base coating for food and the like#2,493,288, 1/3/1950, Synergistic antioxidants and the methods of preparing the same #2,500,543, 3/14/1950, Antioxidant#2,511,802, 6/13/1950, Synergistic antioxidant#2,511,803, 7/13/1950, Antioxidant flakes#2,511,804, 7/13/1950, Antioxidant salt#2,518,233, 8/8/1950, Synergistic antioxidant containing amino acids#2,536,171, 1/2/1951, Production of protein hydrolysate#2,758,931, 8/14/1956, Antioxidant composition#2,770,551, 11/27/1956, Meat-curing salt composition#2,772,169, 11/13/1956, Antioxidant material and use of said material in treating meat#2,845,358, 7/29/1958, Method of preserving fresh frozen pork trimmings Virginia E Hall #4,016,314, 4/5/1977, Embroided fruit bowl wall hanging Julia Terry Hammonds #572,985, 12/15/1896, Apparatus for holding yarn skeins Felix Harding #614,468, 11/22/1898, Extension banquet table Michael C Harney #303,844, 8/19/1884, Lantern or lamp David Harper #D 187,654, 4/12/1960, Mobile utility rack#D 190,500, 6/6/1961, Bookcase Solomon Harper #1,772,002, 8/5/1930, Electrical hair treating implement#2,648,757, 8/11/1953, Thermostatic controlled hair curlers, combs, irons#2,711,095, 6/21/1955, Thermostatic controlled fur and material dressing equipment G Haines to Harper, Harris to Hill, Hilyer to Hyde I Betty W Harris #4,618,452, 10/21/1986, Spot test for 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, TATB Edward L Harris #2,756,129, 7/24/1956, Apparatus for handling corrosive acid substances Emmett Scott Harrison #3,606,971, 9/21/1971, Gas turbine air compressor and control therefor#4,242,865, 1/6/1981, Turbojet afterburner engine with two-position exhaust nozzle Jesse Harrison #1,844,036, 2/9/1932, Combination tooth brush and paste holder Joycelyn Harrison #7402264, July 22, 2008, Sensing/actuating materials made from carbon nanotube polymer composites and methods for making#7015624, March 21, 2006, Non-uniform thickness electroactive device#6867533, March 15, 2005, Membrane tension control#6724130, April 20, 2004, Membrane position control#6689288, February 10, 2004, Polymeric blends for sensor and actuation dual functionality#6545391, April 8, 2003, Polymer-polymer bilayer actuator#6515077, February 4, 2003, Electrostrictive graft elastomers#6734603, May 11, 2004. Thin layer composite unimorph ferroelectric driver and sensor#6379809, April 30, 2002, Thermally stable, piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymeric substrates and method relating theret#5909905, June 8, 1999, Method of making thermally stable, piezoelectric and proelectric polymeric substrates#5891581, April 6, 1999, Thermally stable, piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymeric substrates William D Harwell #4,664,344, 5/12/1987, Apparatus and method of capturing an orbiting spacecraft Joseph Hawkins #3,973, 3/26/1845, Gridiron Randall Hawkins #370,943, 10/4/1887, Harness attachment Roland C Hawkins US 7,150,638, 12/19/2006, Cover device and method for electrical connector, Co-inventor Carl Eric Fonville Walter Lincoln Hawkins #2,587,043, 3/26/1952, Preparation of 1,2 , Di-Primary amines#2,889,306, 6/2/1959, Stabilized straight-chain hydrocarbons#3,304,283, 2/14/1967, Stabilized alpha-mono-olefinic polymers Robert Hearns #598,929, 2/15/1898, Sealing attachment for bottles#628,003, 7/4/1899, Detachable car fender William Hearns #1,040,538, 10/08/1912, Device for removing and inserting taps and plugs in water mains Tony W Helm #2,760,358, 8/28/1956, Universal joint Henry Fairfax Henderson Jr #4,111,336, 9/5/1978, Weight loss control system Andre D. Henderson #5,603,078, 2/11/1997, Remote control device with credit card reading and transmission capabilities having multiple IR LEDs, (Co-inventors William H. Fuller, James M. Rotenberry) Henry Aaron Hill #2,988,545, 6/13/1961, Curing furfuryl-alcohol-modified urea formaldehyde condensates#3,141,002, 7/14/1964, Foamable composition comprising a thermoplastic polymer and barium azocarbonate and method of foaming#3,297,611, 1/10/1967, Manufacture of azodicarbonamide G Haines to Harper, Harris to Hill, Hilyer to Hyde I Andrew F Hilyer #435,095, 18/26/1890, Evaporator for hot air registers#438,159, 0/14/1890, Water evaporator attachment for hot air registers Samuel J Hines #1,137,971, 5/4/1915, Life preserver #1,911,278, 5/30/1933, Lawn mower John E Hodge #2,936,308, 5/10/1960, Novel reductones and methods of making them#2,996,449, 8/15/1961, Glucose-amine sequestrants#4,146,650, 3/27/1979, Substituted benzodioxan sweetening compound Elijah H Holmes #549,513 12/12/1895 Gage Lydia M Holmes #2,529,692 12/14/1950 Knockdown wheeled toy Harry C Hopkins #4,704,570 11/3/1987 Power controller June B Horne #4,498,557, 2/12/1985 Emergency escape apparatus and method of using same Darnley E Howard #2,145,116, 1/24/1939, Optical apparatus for indicating the position of a tool Darnley Moseley Howard #3,451,127, 6/24/1969, Method of making radome with an integral antenna Isaiah D Hughes #687,312, 11/26/1901, Combined excavator and elevator Wilson E Hull #3,286,064, 11/15/1966, Mass release mechanism for satellites#3,424,403, 1/28/1969, Sublimination timing switch John W Hunter #570,553, 11/03/1896, Portable weighing scale James E Huntley #3,880,255, 4/29/1975, Emergency fire escape mechanism Robert N Hyde #392,205, 11/6/1888, Composition for cleaning and preserving carpets Continue black history database I

Pen Names

Pen Names Pen Names Pen Names By Ali Hale A reader, who wishes to remain anonymous, uses his real name in his writing for a weekly newspaper, but is considering using a pen name for other work. He wrote: I have had heavy criticisms attached to my birth name, before my professional career [as a journalist] even started, and believe with a pen name I can have a fresh start. My question for you is this: When should a writer use a pen name? Should a writer use a pen name at all? What is a pen name? A â€Å"pen name† or â€Å"nom de plume† is a pseudonym used by an author. Sometimes it’s used to remain anonymous, but authors often don’t mind their pen names being known – they just use different names for their writing in separate genres, to avoid confusing their readers. Professionals in other creative fields also use pseudonyms, but these aren’t called pen names; for example, an actor taking on a different name is using a â€Å"stage name†. The phrase â€Å"nom de plume†, as explained by Maeve in French Words for Writers was adapted from the French â€Å"nom de guerre† – a fictional â€Å"war name†. Famous people with pen names Authors throughout the centuries have used pen names. You’ve probably heard of the following authors: George Orwell (real name Eric Arthur Blair) George Eliot (real name Mary Ann Evans) Lewis Carroll (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) And many writers today use pen names. For example, Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum is the real name of Ayn Rand (she wrote the famous novel Atlas Shrugged, examining philosophical and political themes). Margaret Astrid Lindholm Ogden, a fantasy author, writes under two pen names: Megan Lindholm for her earlier, contemporary fantasy, and Robin Hobb for her epic, traditional fantasy books. Why use a pen name? Authors use pen names for a wide variety of reasons, which include: To remain anonymous (especially if producing a politically or religiously sensitive work) This is perhaps less common today, but sometimes occurs if a very personal or sexually explicit work is written. An example is the author Belle de Jour (who writes a blog Belle de Jour: diary of a London call girl and has had two books published based on the blog). Some people see this form of anonymity as a ploy to provoke media interest, as newspapers compete to discover the real identity of such authors. To change or conceal gender In the 18th century, many female authors used male pen names in order to be taken seriously. George Eliot is the most famous example, though the Bronte sisters all wrote under pen names too. This trend still continues in some genres today: for example, female fantasy or science fiction authors will often use a gender-neutral name (Robin Hobb) or use their initials (J.K. Rowling) as the genre has traditionally attracted more male readers and authors. A similar effect can be seen when male authors adopt a female pen name to write a chick lit or romance novel. To write across multiple genres Lewis Carroll also wrote mathematical textbooks under his real name (Charles Dodgson), so adopted a pen name for his children’s novels. Authors today who write in multiple genres will sometimes use a different name for each one, to avoid confusing readers. Others use alternative forms of their real name; for example, the author Iain Menzies Banks writes mainstream fiction under the name Iain Banks and science fiction as Iain M Banks. To recover from poor sales or reputation If, as in the question from our reader above, an author’s real name has attracted criticism – it may be worth considering changing to a pen name. Sometimes, the first few novels by a new author don’t sell well in bookshops, leading publishers to reject future submissions: changing to a pen name is often recommended in these circumstances. Holly Lisle suggests, in her FAQs about writing: Authors whose first three or so books have returns of fifty percent or more are out of the game. Publishers will stop buying from them not just your current publisher, but also the other publishers you might hope to sell to.†¦ This is where pen names can be useful more than one author with bad numbers has started over with a new name, in essence becoming a first novelist again and acquiring a clean publishing history in the process. So should you use a pen name? If you are trying to build up a reputation in multiple genres, using a pen name (or several pen names) is probably a good idea. And if your real name (or current pen name) has attracted heavy criticism or negative publicity, switching to a new name could be a good way to recover. Even if people do know what your real name is, you’ll be referred to by your pen name and it’s likely that few people will make a connection with your previous writings. However, adopting a pen name means building up your reputation again from scratch – which could be a particular problem for freelance writers. You’ll still have all your experience and knowledge, but you may not want to use existing clippings of your writing which were published under your previous name. If you’re using a pen name in an attempt to remain anonymous, be aware that people are often insatiably curious when they suspect a secret – you may well be â€Å"discovered†. In some cases, this can lead to great publicity, but if your client or publisher suspects you of trying to conceal a less-than-stellar past, it may backfire. Ultimately, only you can decide whether it’s best for you to adopt a pen name or not. Many very successful authors have done so in the past, though, and many do today – so you’ll be in good company if you decide to use one! If you’ve written under a pen name – or even just considered using one – why not share your experience in the comments or on the Daily Writing Tips forum? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their SynonymsHyphenation in Compound Nouns

Unit 3 Critical Thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 3 Critical Thinking - Assignment Example To get rid of the continuous complaints and the lack of respectful communication among the staff members, I would come up with a complaint and suggestion box. In this particular box, every nurse who had a complaint could raise it through the box as well as providing the best solution that he/she thinks can solve the matter in question. I would undertake this by making a committee, I being the head of this and deputized by the assistant administrator. Every member of the committee will have his/her well-defined role, and having a mutual agreement of working towards achieving the common goal. The characteristic, in this case, is coming up with the best solutions for the current mess that have overwhelmed the nursing staff in this particular organization. For all the problems raised by the members, the committee would come with the best solution for each and after that arranging for a meeting to be attended by the whole staff. In this meeting, I would outline all the complaints raised and give the solution for each by inviting all the employees to participate in this opening forum. Finally, I would implement the strategies and have a peaceful and committed staff. Personally, this would be a suitable approach for me, in the process of providing optimal quality care for the neonate. â€Å"The application of team building is one of the leadership skills that have emerged to deliver the best outcomes within different organizations† (Holland & Roberts, 2013, p. 73). In this particular scenario, the through teamwork, the two groups realized that indeed they were working towards the achievement of the same goal. â€Å"This is the first and most important step in the process of defining a relationship between the teamwork members† (Lawson & Hennefer, 2010, p. 123). This approach provided a better communication strategy as well as methodology since, in the process of achieving the common goal; providing the most

Pathophysiology of diverticulitis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pathophysiology of diverticulitis - Essay Example The exact pathogenesis of diverticulitis is yet unknown (Hobson and Roberts, 2004). An insight into the structural changes in the diverticular disease has been found through studies on various postmortem and surgical specimens (Sheth et al, 2008). Initially, gastroenterologists proposed that a fecolith obstructing an abscessed diverticulum led to diverticulitis. However, in 1976, Sethbhakdi reported that studies on resected sigmoid diverticulitis specimens failed to support fecolith based pathogenesis theory. Infact, according to the author, these studies found perforation of the fundus of the diverticulum associated with pericolic or peridiverticular inflammmation in the resected specimens (Sethbhakdi, 1976). Also, 30 percent of the specimens showed no features of inflammation, but showed thickening of the intestinal wall (Sethbhakdi, 1976). The thickened and contracted colon part is known as mychosis. Mychosis was initially thought to be due to muscular hypertrophy. But now, it is understood to be due to elastin deposition and shortening of the bowel. Elastin deposition is thought to be due to increased uptake of a specific substance called proline from the Western diets (Sheth et al, 2008). ... Smaller perforations get covered by the pericolic fat. However, larger perforations can lead to other complications like abscess formation, rupture of intestine, fistula formation and peritonitis (Crowe et al, 2011). Fistulas can occur with other adjacent organs or with skin. The most common fistulas in men are colorectal fistulas. Fistulas are uncommon in women (Crowe et al, 2011). In population from the Western countries, the diverticula, especially in the colonic regions are "pseudo diverticula" because, the diverticula involve only the mucosal layer and submucosal layer and not the muscular and serosal layers (Sheth et al, 2008). There is whopping evidence that such pseudodiverticuli occur because of diets that are low in fibre. Among Asian population, the diverticuli are true diverticula (Sheth et al, 2008). They involve all the layers of the intestine and they are mainly seen in the proximal colonic region, unlike pseudo diverticuli which are seen in the distal colon, mainly th e sigmoid colon (Sheth et al, 2008). Decreased dietary fiber leads to low-volume stools which alter the motility of colon, causing increased luminal pressures. Such high pressures occur when the sigmoid colon undergoes a process called segmentation during smooth muscle contraction. Segmentation leads to distinct compartments of the sigmoid colon. When the stool volume is low, segmentation is exaggerated and the elevated intrasegmental pressures are transmitted across the colonic wall leading to the development of diverticula (Sheth et al, 2008). Typically diverticuli occur at weak points in the intestinal wall like points where vasa recti penetrate the smooth muscle of the intestine (Sheth et al,

Women Development, Dowry Act Essay Example for Free

Women Development, Dowry Act Essay Be it enacted by Parliament in the Twelfth Year of the Republic of India as follows: 1. Short title, extent and commencement.-(1) This Act may be called the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint. 2. Definition of `dowry’.-In this act, `dowry’ means any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given either directly or indirectly- (a) by one party to a marriage to the other party to the marriage; or (b) by the parents of either party to a marriage or by any other person, to either party to the marriage or to any other person; at or before or any time after the marriage in connection with the marriage of said parties but does not include dower or mahr in the case of persons to whom the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) applies. Explanation II.-The expression `valuable security’ has the same meaning as in Sec. 30 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860). 3. Penalty for giving or taking dowry.-(1) If any person, after the commencement of this Act, gives or takes or abets the giving or taking of dowry, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years, and with the fine which shall not be less than fifteen thousand rupees or the amount of the value of such dowry, whichever is more: Provided that the Court may, for adequate and special reasons to be recorded in the judgment, impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than five years. * * * Explanation I omitted by Sec.2 w.e.f 2nd October, 1985 (2)Nothing in sub-section (1) shall apply to or, in relation to,- presents which are given at the time of a marriage to the bride (without nay demand having been made in that behalf): Provided that such presents are entered in list maintained in accordance with rule made under this Act; presents which are given at the time of marriage to the bridegroom (without any demand having been made in that behalf): Provided that such presents are  entered in a list maintained in accordance with rules made under this Act; Provided further that where such presents are made by or on behalf of the bride or any person related to the bride, such presents are of a customary nature and the value thereof is not excessive having regard to the financial status of the person by whom, or on whose behalf, such presents are given. 4. Penalty for demanding dowry.- If any person demands directly or indirectly, from the parents or other relatives or guardian of a bride or bridegroom as the case may be, any dowry, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months but which may extend to two years and with fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees: Provided that the Court may, for adequate and special reasons to be mentioned in the judgment, impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than six months. 4-A. Ban on advertisement.- If any person- (a) offers, through any advertisement in any newspaper, periodical, journal or through any other media any share in his property or of any money or both as a share in any business or other interest as consideration for the marriage of his son or daughter or any other relative, (b) prints or publishes or circulates any advertisement referred to Cl. (a), he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months, but which may extend to five years , or with fine which may extend to fifteen thousand rupees: Provided that the Court may, for adequate and special reasons to be recorded in the judgment, impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than six months. 5. Agreement for giving or taking dowry to be void.- Any agreement for the giving or taking of dowry shall be void. 6. Dowry to be for the benefit of the wife or heirs.- (1) Where any dowry is received by any person other than the woman in connection with whose marriage it is given, that person shall transfer it to the woman – (a) if the dowry was received before marriage, within three months after the date of marriage; or (b) if the dowry was received at the time of or after the marriage within three months after the date of its receipt; or (c) if the dowry was received when the woman was a minor, within three months after she has attained the age of eighteen years, and pending such transfer, shall  hold it in trust for the benefit of the woman. (2) If any person fails to transfer any property as required by sub-section (1) within the time limit specified therefor or as required by sub-section(3), he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months, but which may extend two years or with fine which shall not be less than five thousand rupees, but which may extend to ten thousand rupees or with both. (3) Where the woman entitled to any property under sub-section (1) dies before receiving it, the heirs of the woman shall be entitled to claim it from the person holding it for the time being: Provided that where such woman dies within seven years of her marriage, otherwise than due to natural causes, such property shall- if she has no children, be transferred to her parents, or  if she has children, be transferred to such children and pending such transfer, be held in trust for such children. (3-A) Where a person convicted under sub-section (2) for failure to transfer any property as required by sub-section (1)or sub-section (3) has not, before his conviction under that sub-section, transferred such property to the women entitled thereto or, as the case may be, her heirs, parents or children, the Court shall, in addition to awarding punishment under that sub-section, direct, by order in writing, that such person shall transfer the property to such woman, or as the case may be, her heirs, parents or children within such period as may be specified in the order, and if such person fails to comply with the direction within the period so specified, an amount equal to the value of the property may be recovered from him as if it were a fine imposed by such Court and paid to such woman, as the case may be, her heirs, parents or children. (4)Nothing contained in this section shall affect provisions of Sec. 3 or Sec. 4. 7. Cognisance of offences.- (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2of 1974),- no Court inferior to that of a Metropolitan magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the first class shall try any offence under this Act; no Court shall take cognizance of an offence under this Act except upon – (i) its own knowledge or a police report of the facts which constitute such offence, or (ii) a complaint by the person aggrieved by offence or a parent or other relative of such person, or by any recognized welfare institution or organization: it  shall be lawful for a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the first class to pass any sentence authorized by this Act on any person convicted of any offence under this Act. Explanation.- For the purposes of this sub-section, recognised welfare institution or organization means a social welfare institution or organization recognized in this behalf by the Central or State Government. (2) Nothing in Chapter XXXVI of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2of 1974), shall apply to any offence punishable under this Act.) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, a statement made by the person aggrieved by the offence shall not subject such person to a prosecution under this Act. 8. Offences to be congnizable for certain purposes and to be bailable and non-compoundable.- (1) The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) shall apply to offences under this Act as of they were cognizable offences- (a) for the purpose of investigation of such offences; and  (b) for the purpose of matters other than-  (i) matters referred to in Sec. 42 of that Code, and  (ii) the arrest of person without a warrant or without an order of a Magistrate. (2) Every offence under this Act shall be non-bailable and non-compoundable. 8-A. Burden of proof in certain cases.- Where any person is prosecuted for taking or abetting the taking of any dowry under Sec. 3, or the demanding of dowry under Sec.4, the burden of proving that he had not committed an offence under those sections shall be on him. 8-B. Dowry Prohibition Officers.-(1) The State Government may appoint as many Dowry Prohibition Officers as it thinks fit and specify the areas in respect of which they shall exercise their jurisdiction and powers under this Act. (2) Every Dowry Prohibition Officer shall exercise and perform the following powers and functions, namely, (a) to see that the provisions of this Act are complied with; (b) to prevent, as far as possible, the taking or abetting the taking of, of the demanding of, dowry; (c) to collect such evidence as may be necessary for the prosecution of persons committing offences under the Act; and (d) to perform such additional functions as may be assigned to him by the State Government, or as may be specified in the rules made under this Act. (3) The State Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, confer such powers of a police officer as may be  specified in the notification, the Dowry Prohibition Officer who shall exercise such powers subject to su ch limitations and conditions as may be specified by rules made under this Act. (4) The State Government may, for the purpose of advising and assisting the Dowry Prohibition Officers in the efficient performance of their functions under this Act, appoint an advisory board consisting of not more than five social welfare workers (out of whom at least two shall be women) from the area in respect of which such Dowry Prohibition Officer exercises jurisdiction under sub-section (1). 9. Power to make rules.- (1) The Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazettee, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act. (2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may provide for- (a) the form and manner in which, and the persons by whom, any list of presents referred to in sub-section (2) of Sec. 3 shall be maintained and all other matters connected therewith; and (b) the better co-ordination of policy and action with respect to the administration of this Act. (3)Every rules made under this section shall be laid as soon as may be after it is made before each House of Parliament while it is in session for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, the rule shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be; of no effect, as the case may be, so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule. 10. Power of the State Government to make rules.- The State Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act. (2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely: (a) the additional functions to be performed by the Dowry Prohibition Officers under sub-section(2) of Sec. 8-B; (b) limitations and conditions subject to which a Dowry Prohibition Officer may exercise his functions under sub-section (3) of Sec. 8-B. (3) Every rule made by the State Government under this section shall be laid as soon as may be after it is made before the State Legislature.

Essay --

Haley Hicks Howerter ENGWR 300 16 December 2013 Emerson: Transcend Conformity Transcendentalism; most people are unfamiliar with this term but not the ideas behind it. A religious deviation that started in the 1820’s caused one of the most influential movements in history. The after effects would be seen in the beliefs of those who fought for civil rights, women’s rights, and abolition; anytime a rebellion rears its head, there tends to be some distinctly transcendentalist ideas and mindsets found fueling the individualist fires of change. Transcendentalism and its various principles changed the face of the world and the way people thought by challenging the majority and scorning conformity. They challenged people to be individuals; to look inward for the truth and make their own happiness. Those that were a part of this movement also spoke out against figures of authority when it was believed they acted against the common good. There was a vague optimism and stubborn refusal to accept any truth but the ones found to be true to the individual tha t was characteristic of its supporters. In a world that seems to be constantly telling its inhabitants what we should think, it is important to remember that we are each still our own person and how we live our lives is up to us. The movement was not without its critics and opposition, but the lasting effects of the philosophical ideals stood the test of time and continue to change people for the better. While there were many great thinkers, writers and leaders of this movement, the one that many consider to be the father of the movement is Ralph Waldo Emerson. His humble nature made him reluctant to take such a title, and he was not the creator of transcendentalism, but his influence on ... ...eveloping an acid tongue.† Men who isolate themselves not only deprive themselves of friendship and love, but also make themselves unfit for marriage. Society isn't always achieved easily, but by "chemical affinity" and even then "in very small doses." Striking a balance between solitude and society is difficult because "solitude is impracticable, and society fatal." (Society and Solitude) But this Thinking is not solely his own; Socrates once said, â€Å"To find yourself, think for yourself.† In one of his most influential works, Self-Reliance Emerson once said that â€Å"It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude. (Self-Reliance)† "Rather than love, than money, than fame, give me truth." - H.D. Thoreau

Baby, It’s Cold Outside

This paper compares two works – that of Jack London’s `To Build A Fire` and Robert Frost’s ‘An Old Man`s Winter Night. ’ Obviously common to the two literary works is the winter backdrop from which the story progresses. The two authors employ the winter season and use it to help move the story and create memorable images. For instance in Robert Frost’s `An Old Man`s Winter Night,’ the author creates a cozy image of an old man who is able to keep the household fires burning.In fact readers find it especially warm as the Frost describes the man and the elements inside his home as almost contrasting to the one outside it. There is frost gathering outside the home as contrasting the lamp that tilt near his hand. There is a warm glow that one feels as he reads these lines. The poem speaks of this old man who has lived his life and now muses and relaxes in the comfort of his home. A reader can best get hold of this poem by establishing where the person is and what he is doing there.Right off the start, we find that the author’s feelings are an expository progression of an old man and his â€Å"creaking room† that creaks just like him. From the elements described by the author, the reader is presented with a house that has barrels all around him but he seems to be in control of these things. In fact, he is described as â€Å"having scared the cellar under him. † This does not happen just once because we read that the author pens as scaring it â€Å"once again. † Yet, that is not the only thing which the old man is in control of.He also clomps off and â€Å"scared the outer night. † The old man is completely in control of his environment even if he is old, for the author writes that in â€Å"clomping off†, he also is able to scare the outer night, which by now must be completely dark since the poem begins with a description that â€Å"all out of doors are looking darkly in† on him. The sounds are also known well to the old man as the author states that these are familiar sounds including the roar of the trees as well as the crack of the branches.Cracking of branches already connote strangers or unfamiliar people and possibly wild animals, yet the old man is not afraid of that at all. He is just seated there, contemplating on simple, mundane things that comfort him and give him the warm glow despite the fierce winter outside his house. It can be quite a puzzle for readers because an old man ought to be afraid of being alone in such a time of the year. Yet, he is perfectly comfortable, tending to his home and being satisfied that he is happy in whatever time of the day it was.Even if it was very cold outside, he is able to sleep comfortably. He does not mind the icicles along the wall nor the snow upon his roof. The house is old and may not even be fit for any man to live in, much more an old man, for the log that makes it up moves and shifts with a jol t or any movement. The picture of an old man in his own house, keeping the house warm on a cold winter night may be inconceivable to any sane person because of the dangers that are linked to this. But this old man is able to do it on his own, without any help from anyone.Meanwhile, Jack London’s ‘To Build a Fire’ tells the story of a man and his dog as they travel through the Klondike region in Canada. They are returning to the camp where they envision to have a warm meal but they took the longer route to the camp since the man had to check if there were logs from Yukon. But the winter in Yukon was so strong with frigid temperatures. The author writes that this kind of winter â€Å"was not merely colder than fifty below zero; it was colder than sixty below, than seventy below. It was seventy-five below zero. † Thus, this was going to be a long and arduous journey back to the camp.Unlike Frost’s old man in winter who had a cozy and warm place inside his home despite the harsh winter, the man in â€Å"To Build a Fire† had to think ahead so that he could avoid pools of freezing cold water hidden under the thin ice. These were hazardous spots along the way and the man had to order his dog to test the area since the weather was too harsh for the man to make it back to the camp. Along the way, we read how the man struggled to keep warm and to go back to the camp. It was a difficult way to travel and even his dog knew that it was not wise to travel in that condition at all.We read this man who lacks the wisdom not to travel in that kind of weather as compared to the old man, this man was not aware of how to respond to his environment. He had not mastered nature at all. This was so unlike the old man who remained unperturbed. The man with the dog acted desperately amidst the winter. He was not sure that he would make it through. The two authors made use of the winter in different ways. Frost made winter the character’s a lly, because the old man was able to sleep despite the cold winter.But London uses winter as the adversary of the man with the dog. They fight off nature and the dangers that lurk in every step they take. Readers become engrossed with the plight of the man. Readers are almost sure that the man cannot make it because he does not even have control of his legs and fingers and arms as he walks, flailing them in desperation. While the old man in the poem is in complete control of his surroundings, feeling cozy and warm all over, the other man no longer is in control of anything, not even his own dog.His dog senses the danger from his master’s voice and does not beckon to his calls and commands. There would be a completely different story if the element of the winter season was changed to the weather in the tropics. The old man would probably feel warm and go for a walk outside, where it might be hazardous as he is alone with no one to help him in time of need. The man with the dog would simply breeze through the journey back to the camp, finding his friends and family waiting eagerly for him. It would be a fast and easy journey.But Jack London wanted to illustrate how a desperate man responds in times of crisis. Readers get the exact feeling that the author wants to send out to his readers because for a second, one goes back to the text at the end when the author pens, â€Å"Then the man drowsed off into what seemed to him the most comfortable and satisfying sleep he had ever known. † How very contrasting the sleep of the old man in Frost’s poem when we read, â€Å"Once in the stove, disturbed him and he shifted, And eased his heavy breathing, but still slept. †

Porphyria

The disorder I chose to do is called Porphyria. It can cause red bloches on the skin. It can also severely affect the nervous system. Ichose this disorder because it had a name similar to Porpise. Porphyria is a group of disorders caused by abnormalities in the chemical steps that lead to heme production. Heme is a vital molecule for all of the body's organs, although it is most abundant in the blood, bone marrow, and liver. Heme is a component of several iron-containing proteins called hemoproteins, including hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in the blood). Researchers have identified several types of porphyria, which are distinguished by their genetic cause and their signs and symptoms. Some types of porphyria, called cutaneous porphyrias, primarily affect the skin. Areas of skin exposed to the sun become fragile and blistered, which can lead to infection, scarring, changes in skin coloring (pigmentation), and increased hair growth. Cutaneous porphyrias include congenital erythropoietic porphyria, erythropoietic protoporphyria, hepatoerythropoietic porphyria, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Other types of porphyria, called acute porphyrias, primarily affect the nervous system. These disorders are described as â€Å"acute† because their signs and symptoms appear quickly and usually last a short time. Episodes of acute porphyria can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea. During an episode, a person may also experience muscle weakness, seizures, fever, and mental changes such as anxiety and hallucinations. These signs and symptoms can be life-threatening, especially if the muscles that control breathing become paralyzed. Acute porphyrias include acute intermittent porphyria and ALAD deficiency porphyria. Two other forms of porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria and variegate porphyria, can have both acute and cutaneous symptoms. Each form of porphyria results from mutations in one of these genes: ALAD, ALAS2, CPOX, FECH, HMBS, PPOX, UROD, or UROS. The genes related to porphyria provide instructions for making the enzymes needed to produce heme. Mutations in most of these genes reduce enzyme activity, which limits the amount of heme the body can produce. As a result, compounds called porphyrins and porphyrin precursors, which are formed during the process of heme production, can build up abnormally in the liver and other organs. When these substances accumulate in the skin and interact with sunlight, they cause the cutaneous forms of porphyria. The acute forms of the disease occur when porphyrins and porphyrin precursors build up in and damage the nervous system. One type of porphyria, porphyria cutanea tarda, results from both genetic and nongenetic factors. About 20 percent of cases are related to mutations in the UROD gene. The remaining cases are not associated with UROD gene mutations and are classified as sporadic. Many factors contribute to the development of porphyria cutanea tarda. These include an increased amount of iron in the liver, alcohol consumption, smoking, hepatitis C or HIV infection, or certain hormones. Mutations in the HFE gene (which cause an iron overload disorder called hemochromatosis) are also associated with porphyria cutanea tarda. Other, as-yet-unidentified genetic factors may also play a role in this form of porphyria. Some types of porphyria are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the gene in each cell is mutated. This single mutation is sufficient to reduce the activity of an enzyme needed for heme production, which increases the risk of developing signs and symptoms of porphyria. Autosomal dominant porphyrias include acute intermittent porphyria, most cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, and variegate porphyria. Although the gene mutations associated with some cases of porphyria cutanea tarda also have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, most people with this form of porphyria do not have an inherited gene mutation. Other porphyrias are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. Porphyrias with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance include ALAD deficiency porphyria, congenital erythropoietic porphyria, and some cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria. When erythropoietic protoporphyria is caused by mutations in the ALAS2 gene, it has an X-linked dominant pattern of inheritance. The ALAS2 gene is located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell may be sufficient to cause the disorder. In males (who have only one X chromosome), a mutation in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes the disorder. Males may experience more severe symptoms of the disorder than females. A striking characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons. Mutations in the UROD gene are related to both porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. Individuals who inherit one altered copy of the UROD gene are at increased risk for porphyria cutanea tarda. (Multiple genetic and nongenetic factors contribute to this condition. ) People who inherit two altered copies of the UROD gene in each cell develop hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. The exact prevalence of porphyria is unknown, but it probably ranges from 1 in 500 to 1 in 50,000 people worldwide. Overall, porphyria cutanea tarda is the most common type of porphyria. For some forms of porphyria, the prevalence is unknown because many people with a genetic mutation associated with the disease never experience signs or symptoms. Acute intermittent porphyria is the most common form of acute porphyria in most countries. It may occur more frequently in northern European countries, such as Sweden, and in the United Kingdom. Another form of the disorder, hereditary coproporphyria, has been reported mostly in Europe and North America. Variegate porphyria is most common in the Afrikaner population of South Africa; about 3 in 1,000 people in this population have the genetic change that causes this form of the disorder. Patients diagnosed with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) are screened for other diseases. They may be treated with phlebotomy (blood collection) to reduce body iron stores and/or receive other treatments to decrease photosensitivity of the skin. Specialists advise PCT patients to wear protective clothing and use sunscreen at all times to reduce skin damage. PCT affects about 80 percent of patients with porphyria. It is the most common non-acute porphyria and by far the most common porphyria. Although acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is the most common acute porphyria, it is still quite rare. It usually affects women between 20 and 40 years old and men between 30 and 50. Because patients with an acute attack of AIP can rapidly develop a life-threatening illness, physicians often recommend hospitalization. While being monitored in the intensive care unit, patients may be treated with intravenous fluids, a high-carbohydrate diet, and medications that suppress porphyrin production. As you can see, Porphyria is a terrible disease. It affecs many and can even kill those affected. Reaserch on cures and treatments is still underway. We can only hope they find a cure before more people are affected.

Concepts and Styles of the Leadership

Concepts and Styles of the Leadership Leadership refers to the process of influencing and managing people in order to achieve intended outcomes. Leaders adopt different leadership styles depending on prevailing circumstances. Leadership styles base on different leadership concepts. However, certain concepts apply to all styles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts and Styles of the Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, action is an important aspect of effective leadership. Research has revealed that leaders who focus on personal development and growth not only change themselves but also lead their organizations to great levels of success. The seven action logics include Achiever, Expert, Opportunist, Diplomat, Alchemist, and Strategist action logics (Rooke and Torbert, 2005). Microsoft founder Bill Gates, is an exceptional leader who has transformed the technology industry through his visionary leadership style and great skills. Ac cording to Rooke and Torbert (2005), only Individualist, Strategist, and Alchemist action logics enable leaders to transform organizations through sustained innovation. Bill Gates transformed the world of technology through his innovativeness. He believed that innovation is an important condiment of organizational success and transformation. When he developed the windows software, he maintained quality by incorporating innovative ideas into subsequent versions of the software. As such, he continued to develop improved versions of windows during his term at Microsoft. Innovation is a characteristic of the Strategist action logic. Gates’ strategy was to incorporate innovation into the operations of Microsoft and make it part of its organizational culture. This has enabled Microsoft to withstand the unpredictable and rapidly changing technology market. Strategists capitalize on organizational constraints and perceptions in order to achieve personal development (Rooke and Torbert , 2005). In addition, they are able to lead people in ways that help them to overcome resistance to change. Gates used his strength as an effective leader to introduce change at Microsoft despite resistance and numerous obstacles. Alchemist action logic involves creativity, open mindedness, and deviation from commonplace attitudes and values (Rooke and Torbert, 2005). Bill Gates valued change. When he was at the helm of Microsoft, he ensured that the organization changed its operations in order to adapt to changes in technology. This is evident from the stability and success that Microsoft has enjoyed for many years despite obstacles such as patent lawsuits and stiff competition. The leadership style of Gates has enabled Microsoft to be one of the market leaders in technological innovation for many years. However, after his departure, the company was overtaken by emerging technology-oriented enterprises. This was because the new leader failed to adopt a similar action logic that Gat es had adopted.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Achievers realize organizational goals through teamwork and balancing their roles as leaders and managers (Rooke and Torbert, 2005). In addition, they are action and goal oriented. Bill Gates is an action and goal oriented leader. He believes that well-defined goals are necessary for achievement of organizational success. As the CEO, he ensured that Microsoft maintained creativity and innovation by reiterating the importance of teamwork. Teamwork encouraged open sharing of ideas and knowledge, which enhanced innovation and creativity. Below-average leadership is characterized by Diplomat, Opportunist, and Expert action logics (Rooke and Torbert, 2005). For example, opportunists are egocentric and manipulative. As CEO, Gates never manipulated his employees and never allowed his ego to take a toll on his organization. M oreover, he delegated leadership roles. This is contrary to opportunists’ behavior of controlling people and treating them like objects. Unlike opportunists who reject feedback, Gates valued feedback because it was the foundation of innovation at Microsoft. Diplomats avoid conflicts and are resistant to change (Rooke and Torbert, 2005). This is in contrast to the leadership style of Gates. He believed in change and incorporated it into Microsoft’s organizational culture in order to ensure organizational success. Rooke, David, and Torbert, William. Seven Transformations of Leadership. 1 April. 2005. Web. https://hbr.org/2005/04/seven-transformations-of-leadership.