The Effect Of Television On Children Young People Essay

The Effect Of Television On Children Young People Essay Educators hoped that TV would serve as a window of knowledge for children. They hoped that it would broaden their knowledge by exposing them to various learning experiences, and help them learn about different cultures. Educators thought that TV would play a vital role in preparing preschoolers physically and psychologically for school. In contrast, today the effect of television on children has become a growing concern to many educators due to its effect on childrens behavior, health, and cognitive development and learning. We do not deny the TV holds many benefits to children if used properly and under adequate supervision of adults. Yet, we cannot deny its negative effects of TV. In this article we will talk about the negative effect of TV, and how it affects children, while on the same time mentioning its positive effects. We will first discusses the amount of time children spend in front of their TV sets, We will then move talk about how TV affects childrens behavior, health, cognitive development, and learning. We will also try to highlight the reasons behind children spending extended hours in front of their TV sets. Finally, we will try to suggest some solutions to this issue and how can we mitigate the negative effect of TV on children. The Amount Of Time Children Spend In Front Of Their TV Sets Children in their early developmental stages are very fragile and vulnerable physically and emotionally .they fail to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong and could blindly accept what they see on TV as facts upon which they base their future judgments. Children often like to imitate other and of Ten do so with what they view on TV without being able to identify the consequences of their actions. We need to realize the harm this device could do to children in order to be able to modify the way we view the role TV plays in childrens lives .we need to acknowledge the fact that children view TV more than any other media. We also need to realize that children use TV for fantasy, diversion and instruction. Children who are spending extensive hours in front of their TV sets are shield from the outside world. They fail to interact emotionally with other. A parent may walk in the door after being all day away at work and their daughter or son will not even left their eye to see them or run to them because they are so consumed by watching TV. The younger the children are the more effected they are because they fail to distinguish between fantasy and reality, and learn by observing and imitating. Television has become a major part of our childrens lives .From the time they wake up until the time they fall asleep their tiny little eyes are glued to the television screen. In most of the households TV has taken up the role of a nanny in the house, not mentioning that it has also become a major source of knowledge for children. How many times have we asked kids where did you learn that from? And the answer was from the TV.Zimmerman and Christakis in their research Childrens Television Viewing and Cognitive Outcomes they mention that toddlers at the age of 3 watched TV at an average of 2.2 hours daily. While from ages 3 to 5 years the average increases to 3.3 hours daily. (Zimmerman Christakis, 2005) A shocking article titled TV Hurts Kids Of All Ages, Studies Say on CBS news revealed how early children begin watching TV on regular basses The first study finds that 40 percent of infants are regular TV watchers by the time they are 3 months old. By the time they are 2 years old, 90 percent of children regularly watch TV. In most cases, it doesnt seem to be a matter of parents using the TV as a surrogate babysitter, but rather parents truly believe that shows aimed at tots will somehow expand their minds, language skills and cognitive abilities, the study found. (Johnson, 2007) Violence Behavior Children are often left in front of the TV for extended hours in front of the TV without supervision to view all types of programs regardless of the fact that those programmes do not suit their age groups. Many of these programs are full of violent and aggressive scenes that affect children negatively. It either reinforces aggressive and violent behavior in them, or plants fear into those little hearts. Children who are often subjected to violent behavior tend to form violent behavior .they tend to be hostile and aggressive towards their peers and fail to relate in a social mannar. In Norway, a 5 year old girl was severely harassed by her friends following the viewing of a particular television series. (Lemish, 2007) TV violence could also aggravate fretfulness and dreadfulness in children who are exposed to it. A survey of more than the n 2,000 elementary and middle school children revealed that heavy television viewing was associated with self-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. (Wilson, 2008) First before further talking about how TV violence affects childrens behavior lets first define what violent behavior refers to. Violent behavior could be defined as any type of intentional behavior to harm others physically or emotionally which means it could be verbal or physical. (Lemish, 2007) So, where does violent behavior come from? The ground approach in sociology quarrels that children acquire various behaviors by copying authority figures in their lives, through positive reinforcement. Children repeat behaviors that are positively reinforced, and refrain from behaviors that are negatively reinforced. Children may imitate violent behavior they witnessed ages ago, which means they carry in their long term memory.TV in turn, is a rich source of violent behavior. Violent behavior may be found in not only action movies, but also in childrens movies and cartoons. Lets take childrens movies like the HULK or cartoons like Ben Ten and even as basic cartoons like Tom and Jerry .just one look at the chineese animated cartoons like Conon will let you realize the amount of violence on TV. Yet, we do not generalize this issue. There are many educational and other specialized programmes or cartoons for kids. For example: sesame street, teletubbies, or Dora. There is no doubt that educational TV programs have a positive effect .in a landitudal study by Wright et. al (2001) educational viewing (particularly Sesame Street) was related to letter word and number skills, vocabulary, and school readiness for children. (Muarry, 2007). verbal violence is another form of violence in children is widely spreading and the main source for it is TV programs .in her book Children and Television (A Global Perspective) Lemish refers to studies on this issue Studies that measured the frequency and types of various forms of violence on television in various countries have re- affirmed the international scope of this phenomenon (Lemish, 2007) TV violence could also aggravate fearfulness and dreadfulness in children who are exposed to it. Children my for various types of phobias and fears from things they view on TV especially at night this would be most evident in forms of nightmare or fear to sleep alone .This is mostly due to the wide imagination that children posses. A survey of more than the n 2,000 elementary and middle school children revealed that heavy television viewing was associated with self-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. (Wilson, 2008) Affects on Health Another effect of television on children is health related. The fact that children sit idle in front of the TV for hour can lead to health issues like obesity. Some studies have pointed that watching TV by children may not cause obesity directly but it indirectly keep children from indulging in other outdoor activities that enhance their metabolism. (Dixon, 2007) .the impact of advertisement on children and their diet is great. Food and beverages advertisements directed to children have constantly been criticized for influencing childrens nutritional choices. We will often find kids watching TV and gulping down packets of chips and popcorn that are full of saturated fats that contribute directly to obisety, malnutration, and mineral deficiency and sometimes anemia. Grossbart eals onand Crosby (1984) found that childrens snack preferences were influenced by the types of food they saw advertised. Children who saw commercials for sugared snacks and cereals were significantly more likely to say they preferred highly sugared products than children who saw public service announcements for wholesome foods or children in a control group. Those who saw a pro-nutrition TV program chose sugared snacks than the control group. Number of studies point out to the relation between obesity among children and extensive viewing of TV .studies referred to the impact of ads on children food preferences. It showed that 98% of the foods advertised are rich in sugar and salts and are viewed by children between ages 2 to 11. (Gonzà ¡lez, 2010) recently many studies link early TV viewing to development of ADD Attention Defect Disorder /ADHD Attention Defect Hyperactive Disorder in children at later stages The study revealed that each hour of television watched per day at ages 1-3 increases the risk of attention problems, such as ADHD, by almost 10 percent at age 7.. (Center, 2004). The affect of advertisement also extends to children being exposed to Alcohol and smoking.They grow up viewing these practices as part of being social and often end up consuming alcohol or smoking by the time they reach adolescence. , Mr. Balls said a study by Alcohol Concern revealed a spike in television drinks advertisements between 4pm and 6pm, when many children watch. (Henry, 2007) Learning and Cognitive Development The most alarming effect amongst all is the effect of television on childrens learning and development. Unfortunately, the effect of TV does not stop at learning; it also effects childrens development making it a major concern for parents and educators. There have been some indications that television further effects childrens language development preference .As children grow their TV habits Change. Childrens mental capabilities, life style, and individual impact TV use as well as the socio-cultural context. The amount of time spent on TV has always been a major concern. Cross-sectional studies show that viewing generally increases during the preschool years and peaks in early adolescence (Muarry, 2007) How often do we find children preferring watching TV then reading? Reading to them is a strenuous monotonous task. TV is a two sided tool on one side it enhances creativity, and on the other it discourages it. There is relationship between performance in school and viewing TV. Research found that spending time watching TV affect the academic grades. Children who had television sets in their bedrooms scored significantly lower on school achievement tests than children without TVs in their bedrooms. Therefore, instead of doing homework or reading the child will replace by watching TV. According to Dr. Senay a studies reveal that teenagers in the age of 14 who view TV for 3 hours a day form problems in their academic achievement ,and in turn are less likely to join collage later (Johnson, 2007) Moreover, TV has an impact on childrens behavior and attitudes. It raises their awareness to the issue of stereotypes raised by the TV. It also directs them towards gender biases in the way women are portrayed. Also pushes them towards developing poor habits like smoking and alcohol .on TV smokers are often successful people, not mentioning that hoe alcohol is a major requirement for socialization and relaxation. (university of michigan health system, 2010) Why Do Parents Allow Their Children To Use TV Abusively? The question that may rise in the readers heads may be why do parents allow their children to do so? Besides what e the parents of infants thinking when they subject them to these entire negative affects! The truth is that parents are not fully aware of the effect of television on their children. Some deliberately place their children in front of TV sets assuming they are stimulating their senses, or other parents who fall for the add gimmicks regarding the educational programs. Dr. Senay advises parents to discourage to exempt toddlers from viewing to. It is more benifitital for children to develop their sensory and motor skills through interaction with parents and their surrounding environments (Johnson, 2007) Solutions .There are many measures that could be taken to reverse the affects of television on children however the most important and first step is spreading awareness. From all information we reviled we found that the main reason why parents allow their kids to view so much TV is due to lack of awareness. Awareness on this issue could be spread on the media itself like CBS did by interviewing Dr.Senay on TV. It could also done by children health care centers by spreading broachers on the topic or holding small workshops at the centers to inform parents on the effects of television on children. There are much parents can do to mitigate the effect of TV on children. The first step parents can take is to control the amount of TV their children view. This could be done by replacing TV with other fun activities that allows kids to stimulate their senses and engage with the outdoor environment. Parents will find their kids growing attached to them and relating to them instead of sitting glued to the TV sets. In Households where childrens rooms have TV set. A wise idea would be to get rid of them. These TV sets will only isolate the kids from the rest of the family .in other words they do more harm than good. However the most important step parents can do is to monitor the childrens use of TV. There are many TV sets which allow parental control. They enable parents to restrict certain content and programmes while also restrict the time. Parents by no means should allow their children to view TV without supervision, or purchase movies or cartoons without them ensuring that it I fit for them to view. There are many measures that could be taken b y governments such as controlling the advertisements that are aired during the time it is supposed that the most viewers are below 18. They could also monitor the content of TV programs and movies for violet and inappropriate content. The governments need to at times take extreme measures with TV channels and broad casts companies that fail to keep their content free of violent unhealthy and harmful content. In conclusion we have reviewed the many affects of TV on children. We talked about the long and extensive hours children spend in front of their TV sets. We then discussed how TV is responsible for violent and aggressive behavior in kids.whe also discussed how it also opens the door for verbal violence in children. It also is a reason for children forming fears and phobias. Furthermore, we moved to illustrate the effects of TV on childrens health. We revealed how many studied showed that TV was responsible for obesity in children because it keeps them from practicing and taking part in other activities, TV totally blocks those children from the outside world. Latter on we shed light on how TV effects childrens cognitive devlopment.TV affects childrens speech and discouraging them foe indulging in important activities like readin.TV simply makes reading look as a boring and monotones activity for children. We also mentioned how some studies link TV to ADD and ADHD. Furthermore we refe rred to studies that extensive viewing of TV lessens childrens eagerness to join collage as adults. Likewise we also showed how TV effected those childrens moral judgment they fail to distinguish right actions from wrong ones simply because media becomes the criteria by which they crate their moral compass. Then we move on the explaining the reasons behind parents allowing their children to use TV abusively. We showed how it all mostly is result of lack of awareness. Finally we suggested some solutions that will help do some damage control on the part of parents. We also mentioned how the government could play a vital role in controlling abusive content from appearing on TV sets. We truly help that we were able to shed light and divert attention to this issue. Were talking about children here as adults we are obligated to make the right choices for them and keep them out of the way of harm.

Cheerleading Captain Essay

There are many different opinions out there about cheerleaders, many good, and many bad. Some think of them as the girls standing by the football field, but I think of cheerleading as a symbol of all the spirit that we can share, and a token of appreciation toward the team that’s being cheered on. Cheerleading is such a vital part to many sections of the school. If I, Nina Guenther, am chosen to be a captain for the Burrell High School Junior Varsity squad, I will make sure that everyone has a positive outlook, and the great qualities the squad holds are emphasized.One reason I’d make a great choice for a captain, is that I would be dedicated to the squad, and won’t give up when faced with an obstacle. To me, extra practices, time spent making cheers, organizing stunts, and many of the other things a captain is chosen to do, is not work, but a privilege. These tasks would not bother or frustrate me, because as long as it’d help the girls on my squad, Iâ₠¬â„¢d be happy to do anything to help. I’d handle all obstacles, whether they concern individuals, the squad, a cheer, or a stunt, in an effective way that would help the squad grow.If I were chosen, I’m sure that I could help the squad surpass past years, and I could help every girl on the squad grow and become a better cheerleader. I have a strong belief that the change and growth in others affects you. I remember as I walked into the first tryout practice, last year, how nervous I was. I worked hard throughout that season to sharpen my physical and mental skills. Even though I’m far from perfect, if I continue to learn and get better, then I will influence and persuade others to do better.Growth will not only be seen in the abilities of the squad members, but in their attitudes. If I were a captain, I would make sure that everyone kept a positive outlook and worked harder than ever. Hopefully, by the end of you reading this, you can see how dedicated I am to this squad, and how hard I’ll work to make sure this season is one of the best we’ve ever had. I see a lot of promise in this year, and if I’m chosen as a captain, this squad’s full potential will be realized. Cheerleading, to me, isn’t just about standing on sidelines yelling cheers.It’s about how a group of people can support another group through their spirit. It’s not about bows or matching outfits, either, it’s about how people can come together to achieve something. Finally, it’s not about standing in rows, it’s about how if we can all come together to support something, we can make a difference. It’s about friendship and teamwork, hard work and dedication. Please consider me as a choice for one of the captains for the 2013-2014 cheerleading season on the Burrell High School Junior Varsity Squad. Thank you.

My Memorable Experience Paragraph

My Memorable Experience Draft: A memorable moment that I experienced was when I received my first black eye. At that time I was at the age of eleven. This experience occurred one day after school and my siblings and I were on our way home from school. I don’t remember much of what had happened that day because of an incident, but I remember bits and pieces of it. Every teenager loved their Fridays and this day is one that I’ll always remember. One beautiful Fall afternoon my two other siblings and I had arrived at our bus stop.I was sitting in a seat with a friend from school and my brother and sister were sitting next to ours. We all stood from our seats and casually walked off from the bus. I noticed my brother and sister ran in front of the bus and was ahead of me by a few steps. So I had to quickly wave to one of my friends on the bus and hurry back towards them. I scurried towards my siblings not even aware of where I was looking and as the bus started to drive off , I decided to turn around and to watch the bus drive off.I quickly turned around for my house and as I simultaneously raised my head to look in which direction I was heading and I happened to run into stop sign pole. I immediately began crying and quickly covered my left eye because of the blood was dripping down from my eyebrow to my face. My sister heard and seen me crying and was also stunned on what to do so she looked at my brother to come help. As he approached me, he took off his jacket and told me to use his jacket to cover my eye. My siblings were guiding me home. I noticed my eye stopped bleeding, so I used my brother’s jacket to wipe the blood on my forehead.

Looking For A Peer Review - 1352 Words

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There were three different results to this study. The first one was the teacher s stance on gender inequality and how they based their teaching decisions off of this factor if they were gender blind or gender focused. They found it very hard to talk about women and women s issues in their history classes but they were able to discuss it better in their sociology electives that they taught. The last thing that they discovered about this study was how it was important to teach a sociology class in high school to teach the kids about sexism and gender stratification. I think this last theme is very important to educate our youth on today. A lot has been happening in the last view years with the women and gender. I know if my school had a sociology class it would have cut down a lot of the gender ignorance and negativity that especially arises in small communities like where I grew up. The impact of the elective in the schools where it was taught was very good. 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Jackie Robinson and the Civil Rights Movement Essay

To the average person, in the average American community, Jackie Robinson was just what the sports pages said he was, no more, no less. He was the first Negro to play baseball in the major leagues. Everybody knew that, but to see the real Jackie Robinson, you must de-emphasize him as a ball player and emphasize him as a civil rights leader. That part drops out, that which people forget. From his early army days, until well after his baseball days, Robinson had fought to achieve equality among whites and blacks. Jackie acted out the philosophy of nonviolence of Martin Luther King Jr., before the future civil rights leader had thought of applying it to the problem of segregation in America(Weidhorn 93). Robinson was an avid†¦show more content†¦The driver, a local civilian, thought that the woman Jackie was talking to was white#8230;The outraged bus driver ordered Jackie to the back of the bus. Jackie knew his rights on an army base#8230;Jackie would not move. 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Arthur Andersen And Enron Case Essay - 983 Words

1.What was the case about? (Summary of the Case) The case is about Arthur Andersen s role in accounting fraud at Enron which was one of its major clients. The criminal charges faced by the firm in the Enron case and how the Enron case eventually led to the closure of Arthur Andersen company. The company was convicted in 2002 of one count of obstruction of justice because of its role in Enron’s auditing. After the conviction, the firm could no longer provide public accounting services. On June 15, 2002, Arthur Andersen was convicted of obstruction of justice for shredding documents related to Enron’s audit which resulted in the Enron scandal. The impact of the scandal combined with the findings of criminal complicity ultimately destroyed the Arthur Andersen LLP. The company was accused of destroying thousands of Enron documents that included not only physical documents, but also computer files and Email files. By giving it the role of consultant along with their original role as external auditors, Enron made Arthur Andersen LLP a key player in Enron auditing. Disregarded Enron’s accounting misbehave and Misuse. CFOs and controllers hired by Enron company were former Arthur Andersen LLP executives; shredded all Enron’s documents, and Arthur Andersen LLP attorney altered documents related to its audit work for Enron. Arthur Andersen LLP has been handed the maximum penalty allowed under US law for its role in the collapse of Enron. Arthur Andersen LLP CPA License hasShow MoreRelatedArthur Andersen s Enron Case918 Words   |  4 Pages The case is about Arthur Andersen s role in accounting fraud at Enron; Enron was one of its Arthur Andersen major clients. The criminal charges faced by Andersen in the Enron case and how the case eventually led to the closure of the company. It was convicted in 2002 of one count of obstruction of justice because of its role in Enron’s auditing. 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Effect On The Mental Health Of Culturally â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Effect On The Mental Health Of Culturally? Answer: Introducation Several studies that have focused on the topic of mental health studies, have failed to come up with one agreed the definition of what mental health status is. For example, the World Health Organization ([WHO], 2014) used the following words, a state of well-being in which very individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community (Col. 1). Furthermore, the WHO uses its constitution to express and stress on the positive dimension of mental health as the state of the complete elements of an individual in terms of their social wellbeing, the mental, and physical and not necessarily the absence of infirmity or diseases. It is from this explanation that helps to explain the significance role of mental healthcare and disorders of people. Martin (2012) conducted an examination that studies the mental health status of patients. Martin explains that a mental sta tus involves a structured assessment regarding the cognitive and behavioural functioning of patients. The assessment incorporates the description of general behaviours of patients and their appearances, their levels of attentiveness, consciousness, speech and motor activities, their mood, thinking, perception abilities, insights, attitude, reaction towards an external environment, and their cognitive abilities. However, the most clinically relevant cognitive functioning involves the abstract reasoning, the constructive ability, memory, language, and alertness. Based on the above definitions, it is critical to point out that mental health comprises of different sets that bring out the positive attributes in people. It is a state of the wellbeing that allows an individual to recognize own ability, adapt to the normal stress of life, and work in order to produce for own living or that of the family. While the attributes that define mental health remain universal, it is critical to note that every culture has a different way of expressing it. Cultures do this in terms of their contexts and how sensitive they that every culture tend to value (Snider McPhedran, 2014). The social, economic, and political settings help increase their relevancy and success. Besides, different names have also been used when defining the term well-being. Herrman Jane-Liopis (2012) maintain that Aristotle developed the concept of well-being to differentiate it between a moral life as a way of maintaining happiness and material life. All these were found to form the basic ingredients for meeting basic needs. He went ahead to consider well-being as a multidimensional, immaterial, and a material concept. Furthermore, he believed that any successful community should be able to share common principles regarding what is critical to becoming and living a well-being life. Even though the above definition is an cient, todays definition reflects ancient contributions and modern science. Hence, it is when a community or an individual shows the stage of doing well or being well in life, showing physical or moral welfare, being happy and healthy, or showing prosperous conditions. Minas, et al (2013) sought to understand the current mental health status of refugee and immigrant communities in Australia. Furthermore, the study also went ahead to examine whether research in Australian mental health focuses on fact of cultural and linguistic diversity among the Australian population. The third objective looks at whether the data collected on the mental health supports evidence of policy and practise among multicultural Australia. The finding shows that people born outside Australia showed a lower prevalence of substance use disorder, affective, and anxiety. Those that arrived recently indicated to have the lowest rates of disorder. The findings relevant to refugee and immigrant participants showed prevalence in the 2007 survey according to the country of birth (either overseas or Australia) and the year that immigrants arrived in Australia. For example, the financial indicated that those born outside the country had the lowest rates of prevalence in terms of anxi ety. Even though there have been differences in the findings regarding whether the prevalence of common mental disorders among immigrants and refugees are similar, lower, or even higher than Australian NSW (Reilly, et al. 2013; Garg, et al. 2017; Henderson, et al. 2014). The weight of findings from researchers in other countries and those conducted in Australia and most importantly, in NSW, shows that the level of prevalence is similar. Furthermore, the prevalence across certain birth groups of a country, tend to show high variability. The rates of depression, post-traumatic stress, and the anxiety disorder among multicultural Australians livening in NSW such as immigrants and refugees, were between four to five times that the problems among Tamil asylum seekers in Australia (Kalra, Ventriglio Bhugra, 2015). In addition, a significant proportion of Burmese refugees that live in Australia have been found to show the level of health problems such as post-stress disorders (PTSD), anxiety, a nd depression (Cyril, et al. 2012). Additionally, asylum seekers and refugees have been found to remain vulnerable to behaviours that contribute towards suicidal and self-harm tendencies. Among the multicultural communities living in NSW, for example, the results from Grace, et al. (2017) study indicates that the level of the prevalence of self-harm among the detained asylum seekers came out as being higher than the general population. This finding is consistent with research from other countries. Studies focusing on NSW have indicated that suicidal rates among the immigrant population reflect the country of birth. In overall, therefore, immigrants born in outside countries such as European, Northern, and Western countries had higher suicidal rates than South-Eastern Asia, middle-East, and Southern Europe (Dowse, et al. 2016). Specific Needs of CALD Women The term culturally and linguistically Diverse (CALD) brings together people in terms of culture, ethnicity, and languages that they speak. Most specifically, the term acknowledges diversity that occurs within and between different cultures and in incorporating unique experiences and identities of individuals (Dongxia Xiao, et al. 2013). In this case, therefore, culture brings together all different elements of women lives that incorporates their class, sexuality, ethnicity, disability and religion. According to Posselt, et al. (2017), we do not perceive culture as a fixed category, but that it is something that remain dynamic and adaptable. While ethnicity refers to a part of culture that relates to identification of an individual with a given group while looking at things they do in common (Baker, Procter Ferguson, 2016). Such things can incorporate language, race, and the country of origin. This definition recognises that women who come from English-speaking backgrounds have simi lar ethnicities as those that come from non-English speaking backgrounds (Zimbudzi, et al. 2012). The women that come from culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) backgrounds are more prone to experiencing the double-disadvantage of gender and cultural diversity likely to cause their needs and issues fail to be recognized or addressed by policy makers (Khawaja, et al. 2013). Consequently, failure to address them would lead to serious social and economic consequences towards the women themselves (Federal of Ethic Communities Council of Australia, [FECCA], (2012). FECCA went ahead to outline a number of issues that affect CALD women in Australia. They include high levels of discrimination, leadership and decision making, parity in terms of income, education, and employment, work-life balance, safety and equality at the places of work, safety at home in terms of domestic and family violence, lateral violence, safety in the community, women in detention centers, accessibility to housing, disability, accessibility to contraception, physical and mental health, and social inclusion and participation. Similarly, another study by Henderson, et al. (2014) understand some of the factors that affect CALD women. The findings identify such issues as lack of suitable resources, lack of cultural competency, and lack of accessibility to treatment areas. Snider McPhedran (2014) acknowledge that CALD women have heterogeneous needs. For instance, differences in terms of their country of origin, education, previous work, and family make up, pre-arrival experiences, religion, and age, all contribute to such women having different health and wellbeing needs. Kalra, Ventriglio Bhugra (2015) explain that the diversity that occurs among CALD women when it comes to their needs and the challenging nature over which such needs occurs, continue to challenge Western health service providers. CALD women need to be liberated from all forms of violence, discrimination, and racism. Silcox (2016) posit that the majority of health disparities have their roots in critical social structural inequalities. The inequalities relate to racism and other forms of discrimination that take place in societies. The inequalities go beyond the health care and health racial and ethnic groupings. Herrman Jane-Liopis (2012) argue that racism remain the most disturbing inequality. In case societies fail to examine interaction among different forms of discrimination because of multiple identifies, or better still compartmentalize different forms of discrimination, then any effort put in place might fail to manifest itself. Kalra, et al (2015) explain that policy makes revise different solutions, design programs, and policies with the hope that they will change the nature of discrimination subjected towards CALD women. However, failure to examine interactions can become disastrous not only on wom en but also policy makers. Racism and discrimination contribute towards undermining of health and wellbeing of CALD women. The Women Health West (WHW) report that some of the examples that explain cases of racist behaves and discrimination include physical threats and psychological intimidation. Societies discriminate against CALD women when they prevent them from participating in social activities such as dancing, participation in opportunities that occur in education and employment, and occupation and domestic safety and security. Herrman Jane-Liopis (2012) find that Muslim women that put on the veil become vulnerable because of a high chance of being visible to those in the community. However, studies have failed to examine as to whether participation in social activities such as dancing would help improve health status and wellbeing of women. Above studies only focuses on causes and types of discrimination. CALD women desire the needs of accessibility to affordable and secure housing. Secure nursing has been considered as being important factors that facilitate achievement of stability. It offers settlement for women especially asylum seekers and refugees. Baker, et al (2016) posit that currently, there is the need to increase the availability of options of housing in NSW. Apart from this, there is also the need to achieve service infrastructure that favors NSW. Key things noted by service providers include lack of vacancies and even unacceptability of a long waiting time going up to ten years. Second, there is the need for housing that suits the needs of a given family such as single or large parents. Third, there is an increase in regional demand for the public housing that has led to an increase in private rental markets over a period of the last five years. There is an ever increasing trend that leads towards the formation of ghettos in the Western regions that have high levels of u nemployment and incapable infrastructure. Furthermore, the relocation of public housing and an ever increasing in the outer regions from North Melbourne, Maidstone, Braybrook to Werribee and Melton, indicates that residents experience the pressure to vacate and live away from the existing community networks. Additionally, they get themselves socially isolated from participating in activities such as dancing and counselling programs that could assist them achieve high mental health and wellbeing (Rogers Earnest, 2014). CALD women need improved access to health services and use. Rogers Earnest (2015) maintain that women experience barriers to have an awareness concerning available services. There are several opportunities that are available for women to access health services. The study by Dowse, et al (2016) on Australian CALD shows that opportunities that contribute to access among CALD women involves gaining a deeper understanding of the roles provided by services and their relevance about the needs and concerns of women. This includes services such as screening and preventative health care. An opportunity can include bilingual and culturally sensitive practitioners that already understand differences that occur in cultures and behaviors. CALD women need to benefit from participating in social activities such as dancing and empowerment. Snider McPhedran (2014) explain that CALD women always desire to feel that the society values them and that they are also capable members of the community just as others. Burkhardt Rhodes (2012) conducted a study to understand some of the strategies that can be adopted to increase the level of participation among CALD women in societies. The findings revealed that women can take up roles in decision making and management. Such roles can involve identification and development of appropriate cultural health services and care. The findings also showed that women can develop and maintain a good rapport with communities at the grassroot level. Some of the activities include participating in forums, and engaging other women in consultations. Similarly, the Government of South Australia (2012) revealed that women could start to develop knowledge regarding appropriate legislation and their r ights. This can go beyond facilitation of where women can access their education, skills, and training. Roles of Physical Activities in Forms of Dance on Improvement of Mental Health and Wellbeing People Dancing Organization (2017) points out on the importance of participating in physical activities though dancing in order to improve on the mental health and wellbeing among the UK population. The findings show that dancing can bring out four benefits through the life course. During the early years, participating in dance activities ensures an improvement in cognitive and physical development. Furthermore, it also brings people from the different cultural background to enhance their social skills through social interaction. Second, dancing assists children and young people. According to the organization, is that dancing helps to increase cardiovascular fitness, prevent and ensure a total reduction in obesity and self-esteem among young people. Third, the finding shows that dancing among adults help reduce the risk of CHD and Type 2 diabetes. Most importantly, it ensures that adults are able to maintain and keep their bodies fit. The study conducted among UK adults showed that i t assisted them in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. While the findings among older people showed that dancing helped increase their social interaction. In overall, therefore, participating in regular dance sessions in an effective way for communities to remain active, engage in fun activities and remain social with everyone despite differences in race, age, ethnicity, or religion. Craig (2012) study sought to understand ways to improve wellbeing through the sports and physical activities. The study refers to a physical activity as participating in anything that makes our bodies to move. The analysis findings that mental benefits of participating in physical activities such as dancing, training or sporting includes reduction in feeling of stress, makes one to think clearly, reduce anxiety and create happier moods, develops a greater sense for one to remain calm, makes one to develop more self-esteem, and leads to a reduced risk of depression. Furthermore, the study points out that physical activities also contributes to three key social and emotional benefits. One, it makes people to come together and make friends and connect with those that are not within their social networks. Being around a group of people ensures that an individual develops mental health and a strong social network. Second, it makes people have fun. Majority of people enjoy it when active b ecause of the fun part that comes with activity. Furthermore, researchers have also found a strong association between things that people enjoy doing and an overall improvement of wellbeing. Third, it helps challenge stigma and discrimination. According to Sport England Lottery Fund (2017) is that some people find that when they become part of the sporting programme, it assists them reduce the level of stigma connected to an already existing mental health problem. Hence, it is only through participating in local projects with other people that can assist one to start sharing common interests. Consequently, this would help break down on any forms of available barriers while at the same time, challenging discrimination A recent study by Burkhardt Rhodes (2012) sought to commission dance to support health and wellbeing of participants. The findings show that dance forms a universal way that people express their cultures to achieve the benefits of positive mental health and wellbeing. Majority of respondents point out that participating in dancing assisted them prevent ill health from diseases such as diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease, depression and cancer. The findings of this study are important because of the study focuses on a heterogeneous group among UK schools. Roles of Counselling Programs on Improvement of Mental Health and Wellbeing Wahass (2005) defines counselling as the process of assisting an individual or a group of people in a community to discover and develop own psychological, vocational, and educational potentials and consequently achieve an optimal level of social usefulness and personal happiness. Furthermore, Wahass reiterates that the concept of counselling remains democratic in the manner in which the assumptions rooted in its theory and practice, maintain that people have the right to decide on ways to shape their own destiny. The second assumption of the theory is that mature and experienced members within a multicultural community have the responsibility to ensure that people use their own choices to serve their choices and those of the society. Similarly, Silcox (2016) explain that it remains an implicit part of the philosophy of counselling for objectives remain complementary instead of conflicting. The role of those that guide individuals should not target at compromising between the demands of an individual and those of a society. Instead, counsellors should ensure that they orient individuals or groups of people that need such services towards the opportunity provided by an environment to achieve personal aspirations and personal needs. Meany-Walen, Davis-Gage Lindo (2016) argues that counselling involves services provided to a group or individuals that are experiencing mental problems and require professional assistance to assist them overcome. Persistence of problems can keep an individual remain disturbed and experience a lot of tension. Unless one gets a professional assistance, then this could as well hamper personal development, wellbeing, the contribution to the society, and overall positive mental health. Friedli Parsonage (2009) sought to understand the role of psychologist counsellors in provision of health care. Friedli Parsonage concludes that counselling psychology forms a specialty discipline of psychology where practitioners use their skills to assist people as groups and individuals to improve their wellbeing, reduce on their levels of distress, respond to crises, and increase the ability for them to elucidate problems and come up with the best decisions. He further explains that counselling psych ologists offer their professional assistance to groups and individuals in areas that relate to mental health, wellbeing, interpersonal relationships, crisis management and work. Friedli Parsonage (2009) conducted a study among women in Wales community to understand the economic case for promoting mental health and prevention of mental illnesses. The women respondents indicate that counselling programs made them receive a recovery approach of improved care, see the value of life, and perform well in their communities. Currently, the Welsh policy spells out that an improvement of mental health among people in Wales lies at the heart of the Welsh Assembly Government agenda for the public health. The government focus extents to adopting conventional approaches such as counselling programs in multicultural communities where there are the majority of CALD women, vulnerable groups, and immigrants. Mental Health Coalition (2012) supports above findings and notes that implementing or commissioning school-based counselling services depends on varying types of counselling that is appropriate to the group. For example, the age of the group determines the counselling se rvices. Counselling among children that come from different cultural backgrounds shape them to see ways to solve their problems while at the same time, see the positive side of life as part of developing the positive wellbeing lifestyles. Furthermore, promoting the emotional and mental wellbeing on young people and their parents through counselling support makes them respond well to emotional difficulties. The study concludes that support provides them with the skills on ways to cope with challenges of life, make them understand ways to develop strong relationships, and achieve their potential. Furthermore, it will make the school start to develop healthier and a safe environment. References Mental Health Coalition (2012). How to improve the emotional and mental wellbeing of children and young people in your school. [Online] from https://www.brpsychotherapy.co.uk/app/download/5788458029/Talking+treatments.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2017 People Dancing Organization (2017). Health and wellbeing. [Online] from https://www.communitydance.org.uk/developing-participation/health-and-wellbeing. Accessed on September 19, 2017 Sport England Lottery Fund (2017). How to improve your wellbeing through physical activity and sport. [Online] from https://www.mind.org.uk/media/2976123/how-to-improve-your-wellbeing-through-physical-activity-and-sport.pdf. Accessed on September 19, 2017 Baker, A. Z., Procter, N. G., Ferguson, M. S. (2016). Engaging with culturally and linguistically diverse communities to reduce the impact of depression and anxiety: a narrative review. Health Social Care in the Community, 24(4), 386-398. Burkhardt, J., Rhodes, J. (2012). Commissioning Dance for Health and Well-Being Guidance and Resources for Commissioners. [Online] from https://www.pdsw.org.uk/assets/Uploads/Breathe-Commissioning-Dance-for-Health-Wellbeing-Guide-for-Commissioners-by-Jan-Burkhardt-2012.pdf. 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The Impact of Wellness-Focused Supervision on Mental Health Counseling Practicum Students. Journal of Counseling Development, 94(4), 464-472. Minas, H., Kakuma1, R., Too, S.L., Vayani., H., Orapeleng, S., Prasad-Ildes., R., Turner, G., Procter., Oehm, D. (2013). Mental health research and evaluation in multicultural Australia: developing a culture of inclusion. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2013, 7:23, p. 1-25 Posselt, M., McDonald, K., Procter, N., de Crespigny, C., Galletly, C. (2017). Improving the provision of services to young people from refugee backgrounds with comorbid mental health and substance use problems: addressing the barriers. BMC Public Health, 171-17 Reilly, N., Harris, S., Loxton, D., Chojenta, C., Forder, P., Milgrom, J., Austin, M. (2013). Disparities in reported psychosocial assessment across public and private maternity settings: a national survey of women in Australia. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1-15 Rogers, C., Earnest, J. (2014). A Cross-Generational Study of Contraception and Reproductive Health among Sudanese and Eritrean Women in Brisbane, Australia. Health Care for Women International, 35(3), 334-356. Rogers, C., Earnest, J. (2015). Sexual and reproductive health communication among Sudanese and Eritrean women: an exploratory study from Brisbane, Australia. Culture, Health Sexuality, 17(2), 223-236. Silcox, S. (2016). A health and wellbeing model policy. Occupational Health, 68(2), 16-17. Snider, A., McPhedran, S. (2014). Religiosity, spirituality, mental health, and mental health treatment outcomes in Australia: a systematic literature review. Mental Health, Religion Culture, 17(6), 568-581 Snider, A., McPhedran, S. (2014). Religiosity, spirituality, mental health, and mental health management outcomes in Australia: a systematic literature review. Mental Health, Religion Culture, 17(6), 568-581. Wahass, H. S. (2005). The role of psychologists in health care delivery. Journal of Family and Community Medicine, Vol. 12(2), p. 63-70 World Health Organization, [WHO], (2014). Mental health: a state of well-being. [Online] from https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/. Accessed on September 19, 2017 Zimbudzi, E., Lo, C., Ranasinha, S., Gallagher, M., Fulcher, G., Kerr, P. G., ... Zoungas, S. (2016). Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Co-Morbid Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. Plos ONE, 11(12), 1-12.